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Of course, anyone who leaves the house for a walk on a clear night can look at the stars. But how do you know what you're seeing? How to find these stars in the sky again? And how can you get your bearings?

One of the most famous ways to learn to navigate at least a little in the night sky (if you live in the Northern Hemisphere) is to find the North Star in the sky, which hardly moves. And with the help of this guideline you can already try to find something else. And if you are in the Southern Hemisphere of Centauri, which point to the constellation Southern Cross.

Once again about brightness

Magnitude was already discussed in Chapter 1, but you should know that there are actually three types of magnitude.

Absolute magnitude is what scientists call the true brightness of a celestial object as seen from a standard distance of 32.6 light years.

Apparent magnitude is how bright an object appears from Earth. May differ from absolute magnitude, depending on how far the celestial object is from Earth. A star that is closer to Earth may appear brighter than a more distant star, even if its absolute magnitude is smaller.

Limited magnitude is related to the state of the observed sky at the time of observation, i.e. how clear and how dark it is. Even a very bright object may be invisible if the meteorological conditions are unsuitable. Limited magnitude is most often used when observing meteors and deep space objects. On a dark, clear night, the limited magnitude may be 6 at the zenith, while when observed in the city it will be only 4.

Star maps indicate apparent stellar magnitudes corresponding to their brightness in the night sky.

The North Star is easy to find using a “bucket” from the constellation Ursa Major. The scoop is one of the most famous and recognizable stellar configurations (Fig. 3.1).

Rice. 3.1. The Ursa Major Bucket is an excellent reference point for searching for other celestial objects

The two brightest stars of the Dipper, Dubhe and Merak (also called "pointers"), form one side of the "dipper" (bowl) and point directly to the North Star. Using these “pointers” you can also find the stars Castor and Pollux from the constellation Gemini and Deneb from the constellation Cygnus. And the “handle of the ladle” points to Arcturus from the constellation Bootes.

Stars close to the North Star never set beyond the horizon (in most of the Northern Hemisphere); they are called circumpolar stars. They seem to be moving around the North Star. Ursa Major is a circumpolar constellation; This is how it is seen almost throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The size of the circumpolar region of the sky depends on the latitude at which the observation is made. The closer you live to the North Pole, the more of the sky will be circumpolar. Likewise, in the Southern Hemisphere, the further south you are, the more of it will be circumpolar.

The constellation Orion, although not circumpolar, also stands out in the winter sky. Its three stars (forming "Orion's belt") point to Sirius from the constellation Canis Major and Aldebaran from Taurus. In the constellation Orion there are also stars of the first magnitude Betelgeuse and Rigel - two bright celestial beacons (Fig. 3.2).

Rice. 3.2. Orion and its bright stars - Rigel and Betelgeuse

To get acquainted with the night sky, use the drawings given in this book and observe. Let me give you this analogy: once you know the location of city streets, you will be able to navigate it and get to the right place faster. Likewise, knowing the constellations and bright reference stars will make it easier for you to locate objects and follow their movements across the night sky.

Even ancient people united the stars in our sky into constellations. In ancient times, when the true nature of the celestial bodies was unknown, residents assigned the characteristic “patterns” of stars to the outlines of some animals or objects. Subsequently, the stars and constellations became overgrown with legends and myths.

Star maps

Today there are 88 constellations. Many of them are quite remarkable (Orion, Cassiopeia, Ursa Ursa) and contain many interesting objects that are accessible not only to professional and amateur astronomers, but also to ordinary people. On the pages of this section we will tell you about the most interesting objects in the constellations, their location, and provide many photographs and entertaining video recordings.

List of sky constellations in alphabetical order

Russian name	Latin name	Reduction	Square (square degrees)	Number of stars brighter 6.0m
	Andromeda	And	722	100
	Gemini	Gem	514	70
	Ursa Major	UMa	1280	125
	Canis Major	CMa	380	80
	Libra	Lib	538	50
	Aquarius	Aqr	980	90
	Auriga	Aur	657	90
	Lupus	Lup	334	70
	Boots	Boo	907	90
	Coma Berenices	Com	386	50
	Corvus	Crv	184	15
	Hercules	Her	1225	140
	Hydra	Hya	1303	130
	Columba	Col	270	40
	Canes Venatici	CVn	465	30
	Virgo	Vir	1294	95
	Delphinus	Del	189	30
	Draco	Dra	1083	80
	Monoceros	Mon	482	85
	Ara	Ara	237	30
	Pictor	Pic	247	30
	Camelopardalis	Cam	757	50
	Grus	Gru	366	30
	Lepus	Lep	290	40
	Ophiuchus	Oph	948	100
	Serpens	Ser	637	60
	Dorado	Dor	179	20
	Indus	Ind	294	20
	Cassiopeia	Cas	598	90
	Carina	Car	494	110
	Cetus	Set	1231	100
	Capricornus	Cap	414	50
	Pyxis	Pyx	221	25
	Puppis	Pup	673	140
	Cygnus	Cyg	804	150
	Leo	Leo	947	70
	Volans	Vol	141	20
	Lyra	Lyr	286	45
	Vulpecula	Vul	268	45
	Ursa Minor	UMi	256	20
	Equuleus	Equ	72	10
	Leo Minor	LMi	232	20
	Canis Minor	CMi	183	20
	Microscopium	Mic	210	20
	Musca	Mus	138	30
	Antlia	Ant	239	20
	Norma	Nor	165	20
	Aries	Ari	441	50
	Octans	Oct	291	35
	Aquila	Aql	652	70
	Orion	Ori	594	120
	Pavo	Pav	378	45
	Vela	Vel	500	110
	Pegasus	Peg	1121	100
	Perseus	Per	615	90
	Fornax	For	398	35
	Apus	Aps	206	20
	Cancer	Cnc	506	60
	Caelum	Cae	125	10
	Pisces	Psc	889	75
	Lynx	Lyn	545	60
	Corona Borealis	CrB	179	20
	Sextans	Sex	314	25
	Reticulum	Ret	114	15
	Scorpius	Sco	497	100
	Sculptor	Scl	475	30
	Mensa	Men	153	15
	Sagitta	Sge	80	20
	Sagittarius	Sgr	867	115
	Telescopium	Tel	252	30
	Taurus	Tau	797	125
	Triangulum	Tri	132	15
	Tucana	Tuc	295	25
	Phoenix	Phe	469	40
	Chamaeleon	Cha	132	20
	Centaurus	Cen	1060	150
	Cepheus	Cep	588	60
	Circinus	Cir	93	20
	Horologium	Hor	249	20
	Crater	Crt	282	20
	Scutum	Sct	109	20
	Eridanus	Eri	1138	100
Thanks to observations by astronomers, it turned out that the location of stars gradually changes over time. Accurate measurements of these changes require many hundreds and thousands of years. The night sky creates the appearance of a countless number of celestial bodies, randomly located in relation to each other, which often outline constellations in the sky. More than 3 thousand stars are visible in the visible part of the sky, and 6000 in the entire sky. Visible location Constellation Cygnus from Johann Bayer's atlas "Uranometria" 1603 The location of dim stars can be determined by finding bright ones, and thus the necessary constellation can be found. Since ancient times, in order to make it easier to find constellations, bright stars have been grouped together. These constellations received the names of animals (Scorpio, Ursa Major, etc.), were named after the heroes of Greek myths (Perseus, Andromeda, etc.), or simple names of objects (Libra, Arrow, Northern Crown, etc.). Since the 18th century, some of the bright stars of each constellation began to be named by letters of the Greek alphabet. In addition, about 130 brightly shining stars were named after them. After some time, astronomers designated them with the numbers that are used today for stars of low brightness. Since 1922, some large constellations were divided into small ones, and instead of groups of constellations, they began to be considered sections of the starry sky. There are currently 88 separate areas in the sky called constellations. Observation Over the course of several hours of observing the night sky, you can see how the celestial sphere, which includes the luminaries, as one whole, smoothly rotates around an invisible axis. This movement was called diurnal. The movement of the luminaries occurs from left to right. The Moon and the Sun, as well as the stars, rise in the east, rise to their maximum height in the southern part, and set on the western horizon. Observing the rising and setting of these luminaries, it is discovered that, unlike the stars, corresponding to different days of the year, they rise at different points in the east and set at different points in the west. In December, the Sun rises in the southeast and sets in the southwest. Over time, the points of west and sunrise shift to the northern horizon. Accordingly, the Sun rises higher above the horizon at noon every day, the length of the day becomes longer, and the length of the night decreases. Movement of celestial objects along the constellations From the observations made, it is clear that the Moon is not always in the same constellation, but moves from one to another, moving from west to east by 13 degrees per day. The moon makes a full circle in the sky in 27.32 days, passing through 12 constellations. The Sun makes a similar journey as the Moon, however, the speed of the Sun's movement is 1 degree per day and the entire journey takes place in a year. Zodiac constellations The names of the constellations through which the Sun and Moon pass were given the names of the zodiacs (Pisces, Capricorn, Virgo, Libra, Sagittarius, Scorpio, Leo, Aquarius, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Aries). The Sun passes through the first three constellations in the spring, the next three in the summer, and the subsequent ones in the same way. Only six months later those constellations in which the Sun is now located become visible. Popular science film "Secrets of the Universe - Constellations"

>> How to find Venus in the night sky

How to find Venus in the starry sky– a description for an observer from planet Earth. Study in the photo how to use Jupiter, Moon, Mercury, and the constellations Gemini.

Venus is the second planet from the Sun, so there are no problems with how to find Venus in the starry sky. Use our online star map or carefully study the diagrams below for constellations, planets and minor stars.

To make sure you don’t make a mistake with the location, you can use special applications for your phones. Or let's follow the ancient astronomers and use natural clues.

To find Venus, start at the ecliptic. When you follow the Sun's passage across the sky, this line is called the ecliptic. Depending on the time of year, this route changes: it rises and falls. The maximum occurs during the summer solstice, and the minimum occurs during the winter solstice.

Many celestial bodies are easiest to find when elongated. These are the points where the planets are set closer to the Sun in relation to us. There are two varieties: eastern - located in the evening sky and western - in the morning. Naturally, all this concerns only the perspective of an earthly observer. Admire what Venus looks like through a non-professional telescope.

Due to our rotation, the movement of bodies covers 15 degrees per hour. Venus becomes visible only when it approaches 5 degrees to the Sun, so it cannot be seen until 20 minutes after the Sun appears or before it disappears. The planet is located between 45-47 degrees from the star and moves 3 hours and 8 minutes after/in front of the Sun.

If you want to see something other than a bright spot, then you need to buy a telescope. In addition, you will need a planetary filter or an off-axis mask. It’s good if the mechanism is equipped with an automatic tracking system.

Despite the gigantic distance to (amounting to 2.54 million light years), it still has a visible magnitude of 3.44 and a linear size of 3.167×1° in the starry sky, which allows it to be observed with the naked eye in the sky as a slightly oblong speck. This is achieved by the fact that Andromeda contains about a trillion stars (thus exceeding its size by at least 2.5 times and being the largest galaxy in the Local Group). However, despite the huge number of stars in it, it is still inferior in brightness to about 150 stars in both hemispheres of the starry sky.

Observation

The Andromeda Galaxy is located in the constellation of the same name, but its search is best to start from the one that is easier to find and move through the constellations or.

Pegasus constellation : in this case, in the continuation of the constellation Pegasus, we will need to find Alferats (the brightest star of the Andromeda constellation) from which we need to move to Mirakh, from which we turn 90° and look for two other bright stars of this constellation. A little further on, the second of these stars will be Andromeda.

Constellation Cassiopeia : another way to find Andromeda also starts from the North Star, but in this case we should find the constellation Cassiopeia, which looks like the letter M or W in the sky, depending on its current position. On the continuation of the Polaris-Shedar line (the 2nd star on the right of this constellation), a little further than half the distance between them will be the Andromeda Galaxy.

Observation history

Since this galaxy is visible to the naked eye, the first mention of it dates back to 946 AD. But before the advent of modern multi-meter telescopes, it was impossible to distinguish individual stars in it, so the true nature of this object was hidden from observers under the guise of a small nebula in our galaxy. The first signs of its extragalactic origin were obtained through spectral analysis made in 1912 (it turned out that it was moving towards us at a speed of 300 km/s) and a supernova explosion recorded in 1917 (which gave the first approximate value of the distance to it - 500 thousand light years). However, only Edwin Hubble managed to put a final point in the dispute between scientists.

When studying the starry sky, they use star maps compiled in certain cartographic projections, therefore, when comparing the starry sky with a map, it is necessary to take into account image distortions in these projections.

All stars, depending on their apparent brightness, are divided into classes called stellar magnitudes. This term, of course, does not refer to the actual size of the stars.

6th magnitude stars are visible to the naked eye. Brighter luminaries have zero and negative magnitudes. For example, the Sun shines like a star of minus 27th magnitude, the full Moon - minus 12th magnitude, Venus - minus 4th magnitude.

The brightest star, Sirius, has a magnitude of minus 1.6; Canopus-minus 0.9; Vega-plus 0.1; Capella - plus 0.2; Crossbar - plus 0.3; Arcturus - plus 0.2; Procyon - plus 0.5; Achernar - plus 0.6; a Centauri-plus 0.1; Altair-plus 0.9; R Centauri - plus 0.9; Polar - plus 2.1.

The most famous constellation in the northern hemisphere is the constellation Ursa Major, consisting of seven main stars of approximately the same magnitude. They are bright enough to be used for astronomical observations and are the easiest way to find other navigation stars.

By extending the line connecting the stars b and a of Ursa Major, beyond a by about 5 distances between them, we obtain the location of the Polar Star (a Ursa Minor). Next to it is the North Pole of the World. The height of the North Star above the horizon is approximately equal to the latitude of the observer.
The constellation Cassiopeia is easily recognizable in the starry sky by the characteristic shape of the arrangement of its constituent stars, reminiscent of the letter W. The constellation is located at the same distance from the North Star as Ursa Major, only in the exact opposite direction.

Continuing the line from the North Star through b Cassiopeia to the distance between them, we find the star Alpheras (a Andromeda). It is, as it were, a connecting link between the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus, as it forms the fourth corner of a large square with the stars of the constellation Pegasus.

If we continue the diagonal a Pegasus - a Andromeda to a distance equal to the side of this square, we will find the star Mirakh (b Andromeda) and further along the diagonal the star Alamak (g Andromeda).

If we continue the diagonal of the large square a Pegasus - a Andromeda even further, approximately 2 times the distance between these stars, we will find the star Mirfak (a Perseus). The constellation Perseus can also be found by extending the line of stars g - a Ursa Major to 5.5 distances between them.

Continuing the line connecting the stars d and a of Ursa Major, beyond the star a to approximately 5 distances between them, we find the star Capella (a Auriga), which lies at the intersection of this line with the continuation of the line of the constellation Andromeda - a Perseus.

Continuing the arc formed by the curved handle of the Ursa Major bucket to the length of the handle (Fig. 6.4), we find the star Arcturus (a Bootes), equal in brilliance to Capella. Continuing this arc further in the same direction, we find the star Spica (a Virgo) with magnitude plus 1.2.

Following the line from g Ursa Major through the end of the handle of the bucket (h Ursa Major), we will meet the constellation Corona Nord, consisting of seven rather faint stars forming a semicircle, convexly facing Arcturus. The middle and brightest star, Alfakka (a Northern Corona), is called the Crown Jewel.

If we draw a line from Arcturus to the Northern Corona, and then extend it approximately 1.5 distances, we will find the star Vega (a Lyrae) - one of the brightest stars. The star Vega can also be found by drawing a line from the star at Ursa Major between stars d and e of the same constellation.

South of the constellation Lyra is the constellation Aquila. It contains three bright stars on the same line, the middle of which is Altair. In the middle of the line connecting Altair and Polaris is the star Deneb (a Cygnus).

On the continuation of the line connecting the stars d and a of Ursa Major and the constellation Capella, lies the star Aldebaran (a Taurus). This star can also be found by drawing a line from Polaris between the stars Capella and a Perseus. Aldebaran will be the first noticeable star on this line. Aldebaran's magnitude is plus 1.1.

On the continuation of the line of stars d and b of Ursa Major, setting aside four distances between them, we find the stars Castor and Pollux (a and b Gemini). Their magnitudes are respectively plus 2.0 and plus 1.2. The stars Castor and Aldebaran form an isosceles triangle with Capella, in which Capella is the vertex.

On the continuation of the line of stars a - b Ursa Major in the direction opposite to the North Star, at a distance approximately equal to two lengths of the constellation Ursa Major, we will find the stars Regulus (a Leo) and Denebola (b Leo). Regulus is noticeably brighter than Denebola, their magnitudes are plus 1.2 and plus 2.2, respectively.

Continuing the line of stars d - b Ursa Major beyond the constellation Gemini, we find the brightest star Sirius (a Canis Major). Approximately at an equal distance between Sirius and Pollux is the star Procyon (a Canis Minor).

The constellation Orion, due to its characteristic shape, is well known to every sailor. The four bright stars of the constellation, including Betelgeuse and Rigel, form a quadrangle, and three more bright stars x, e and d in the center of the quadrangle form the so-called Orion's belt.

The constellation Orion can serve as an additional reference point for finding the star Capella, which is located midway between this constellation and the North Star.

If we continue the line of Orion's belt to the left to a distance equal to the diagonal Betelgeuse - Rigel, we will again find the star Sirius.

Continuing the line from Procyon to Sirius to the distance between them, we find the star a Pigeon (magnitude plus 2.7). If we now draw a line from the star Rigel through the star a of the constellation Pigeon and extend it further to half the distance between them, we will find the star Canopus (a Argo) with magnitude plus 1.0.

Continuing the side of the large square b - a of the constellation Pegasus beyond the star a to three distances between b and a of Pegasus, we find the star Fomalhaut (a of the constellation Southern Pisces).

One of the most distinctive constellations in the southern sky is the Southern Cross, and the brightest star in this constellation is the star Acrux a, with a magnitude of plus 1. The northernmost star of the Southern Cross, g, has a magnitude of plus 1.5.

On the continuation of the line of stars d - b of the Southern Cross constellation there is a pair of stars b and a of the Centaurus constellation.

One of the brightest stars, Achernar (a Eridani), is located in the middle of the straight line connecting the stars Fomalhaut and Canopus.