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Hades, Hades ("formless", "invisible", "terrible"), in Greek mythology, the god is the lord of the kingdom of the dead. Hades is an Olympic deity, although he is constantly in his underground possessions. At the same time, Hades is the realm of the dead, where the God Hades himself and his wife Persephone, the abode of the souls of the dead, rules.

Family and environment

Hades is the son of Kronos and Rhea, the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, with whom he shared the legacy of his deposed father. Hades has no children, and quite a few myths are devoted to him, although according to the Judgment - the largest encyclopedic dictionary, compiled in Byzantium in the second half of the 10th century, Makaria, the goddess of blessed death, can be considered the daughter of Hades.

The wife of Hades was the goddess Persephone, daughter of Zeus and Demeter, kidnapped by the God of the kingdom of the dead. Together with her, hand in hand, Hades reigns in the underworld.

One of the lovers of Hades was the beautiful nymph-oceanid Levka (from other Greek "white poplar"). Hades kidnapped Levka and took him to his underworld. When, after the expiration of the life allotted to her, Levka died, Hades turned her into a white poplar. After Hercules defeated Cerberus and brought him out of Hades (the kingdom of the dead), he was covered with the foliage of this tree, which is how the White Poplar appeared on the surface of the earth.

They also talk about Minfe (or Kokitida, after the name of the river Kokit), who became the concubine of Hades, the goddess Kore (Persephone) turned her into garden mint.

Monsters live in Hades (in the underworld), terrible and terrible, all of them are assistants or servants of the God of Hades, the terrible three-headed (or three-faced) goddess Hekate leads the monsters. Gello is a witch who kidnaps children, it was rumored that Gello was a cannibal and ate kidnapped babies. Hydra with fifty mouths guards the threshold of Tartarus in Hades. Campa, a terrible monster, guarded the Cyclopes in Tartarus until it was killed by Zeus. The three-headed dog Kerberos (Cerberus) guards the exit from the realm of the dead, not allowing the dead to return to the world of the living, poisonous slurry flows from his mouth, he has a snake tail, on the back of the head of snakes. Kerberos was defeated by Hercules in one of his labors. Empusa - a female demon with donkey legs, sucking blood at night from sleeping people, she is a relative of the Erinyes, the goddess of revenge.

Charon is the carrier of the souls of the dead across the Acheron River (according to another version through the Styx), the son of Erebus - eternal darkness and Nikta - the goddess of the night. He was portrayed as a gloomy, ugly old man in rags. He does not just transport the souls of the dead, but takes a fee for this in one obol (the name of the coin), which the relatives of the deceased placed according to the rite under the tongue of the deceased. It transports only those dead whose bones have found peace in the grave. All the rest had to languish forever on the shores of Acheront without rest and hope for peace. Only the golden branch, plucked in the grove of Persephone, opens the way for a living person to the kingdom of death, and under no circumstances does Charon transport anyone back.

Thanatos - the personification of death, the son of Nikta and Erebus, the twin brother of the god of sleep Hypnos. Thanatos lives in Tartarus, but usually lives near the throne of the god of the realm of the dead. Thanatos appears to a person when the term of his life, measured by moira, comes to an end. He cuts off a strand of hair from the dying with his sword to dedicate it to Hades, and then takes the souls to the realm of the dead. Thanatos is always accompanied by his brother Hypnos, who brings the sleep of death.

The gardener of Hades is called Ascalaf, the son of the river god Acheront (Acheront is the river of the underworld, through which Charon carries the shadows of the dead).

myths

After the division of the world between Zeus, Hades and Poseidon, Hades inherited the underworld and power over the shadows of the dead. He is one of the twelve Olympian gods and is included in number three basic, ruling the world. Homer calls Hades Zeus Chthonios (underground Zeus) and presents him personally guarding the gates of his kingdom.

One of the most famous myths of ancient Greece about the abduction of Persephone by Hades. Once, when Persephone was walking alone, picking flowers, Hades came out of the bowels of the earth and kidnapped Persephone. Demeter, upset by the loss of her daughter, stopped following nature and all the vegetation on earth began to dry out and rot, when there was no food left at all and people prayed for help, Zeus demanded that Persephone be returned to her mother. But Hades had already given Persephone the pomegranate seeds, and according to the ancient rule, she, having tasted food or drink in the underworld, should have remained there. In order for the earth to bloom again, Zeus decided that Persephone would spend a quarter of the year with her mother on earth, the rest of the time she would remain in the underworld of Hades as the wife of her brother. This myth describes the appearance of the four seasons. In summer, Persephone spends with her mother Demeter, then flowers bloom and trees bear fruit. Autumn - Persephone goes to Hades and Demeter begins to feel sad, so the leaves fall and the flowers dry up. In winter, everything is covered with snow, Demeter, in sadness, away from her beloved daughter, does not want to follow nature. In the spring - Demeter is waiting for the appearance of her daughter and is preparing for her arrival, therefore, all nature around is reborn after the winter. There is another version that tells that Persephone spends only a third of the year with Hades, and two thirds with Demeter, which does not contradict the existing laws of nature.

He spends most of his time in the underworld, invisible to others. Only twice did he come to the surface: according to Homer, Hades went to Olympus for help when Hercules wounded him with an arrow and when he went upstairs to kidnap Persephone. But at the same time, heroes penetrate the impregnable kingdom of Hades, and some even manage to take their loved ones from there.

The myth of the wounding of Hades by Hercules testifies to the increased independence and audacity of the older generation of people in the era of classical Olympic mythology. Hades fought on the side of the inhabitants of Pylos and their king Neleus. For this, Hades was worshiped in Pylos, his temple was also there. Hercules wounds Hades in the shoulder and he is healed by the divine healer on Olympus Peon. According to another mythological story, Hercules kidnaps the guard dog Cerberus from the kingdom of the dead Hades for Eurystheus.

Hades was deceived by the cunning Sisyphus, who once left the realm of the dead. He forbade his wife to perform funeral rites after his death. Hades and Persephone, without waiting for the funeral sacrifices, allowed Sisyphus to return to earth for a short time - to punish his wife for violating sacred customs and order her to arrange a proper funeral and sacrifice. But Sisyphus did not return to the kingdom of Hades, he remained in the magnificent palace to feast and rejoice that the only one of all mortals managed to return from the gloomy kingdom of shadows. The absence of Sisyphus was discovered a few years later, and Hermes had to be sent for the cunning. For all the misdeeds of the cunning and vile Sisyphus, he was severely punished, forcing him to roll a heavy stone up the mountain over and over again, hence the well-known expression about the useless work of "Sisyphean labor".

There is also a myth about Pirithous, the king of the Lapiths, the son of Ixion. He wanted to kidnap Persephone and marry her himself. He asked Theseus to help him with this. Together they entered Hades and demanded from God the kingdom of the dead to give them Persephone. Hades showed no anger, but invited the heroes to rest and sit on the throne at the entrance to the kingdom. Once on the throne, they immediately adhered to it (or, according to another version, snakes entangled them). Theseus managed to free himself when Hercules descended into Hades, and Pirithous remained forever in the realm of the dead, punished for his misconduct.

Orpheus charmed Hades and Persephone with his singing and playing the lyre so that they agreed to return his wife Eurydice to earth. Hades and Persephone warned Orpheus that when leaving the realm of the dead, he should not look back under any circumstances and whatever he heard behind him, but along the way Orpheus wanted to make sure that Eurydice was still following him and looked back, which violated the condition set for him by the gods, and Eurydice remained forever in the realm of the dead.

When Asclepius achieved such mastery in the art of healing that he began to revive dead people, taking away his new subjects from Hades, the wounded Hades forced Zeus to kill Asclepius with lightning.

Name, epithets and character

Hades in the meaning "name of god" is apparently secondary to the meaning "name of the world of the dead". Hades is called the "leader of the people" Agesilaus, the "irresistible" Admet, the "dark" Scotia, the "ruling golden reins" Chrisenius in the hymn of Pindar.

Homer calls Hades "generous" and "hospitable". death does not pass a single person. People tried not to pronounce the name of this god, but mentioned him allegorically. He was called "invisible" (Aidoneus). Another epithet of Hades is "rich" (in Greek, Pluto, from where Roman name this god, and in Latin Dis, from the word dives - "rich"), because. he is the owner of countless human souls and treasures hidden in the earth. Thus, Hades completely absorbed the image of God Plutos, originally an independent deity of wealth and fertility. In connection with this integration, and together with the change of name, there was also a change in the very concept of Hades, which significantly softened his bleak and inexorable being. Probably under the influence of the Eleusinian mysteries, the qualities of the god of wealth and fertility were attributed to him in connection with the mystical and allegorical comparison of the fate of grain (as if buried at the time of sowing in order to be resurrected for a new life in the ear) with the afterlife of man. This may also have contributed to the image of Persephone - the patroness of fertility.

Other less common names are Kind, Counselor, Illustrious, Hospitable, Locking the Gate, and Hateful.

Unlike the violent Poseidon and the angry Zeus, Hades is always calm and peaceful. In myths, where God Hades is involved in one way or another, he is always reasonable and calmly accepts certain events. On the one hand, Hades is terrible and terrible, on the other hand, Hades is able to sympathize, as the myth of Orpheus speaks of, and is capable of love, as the myths of the abduction of Persephone and Pirithous speak of.

The sphere of influence of Hades in the realm of souls is the sphere of the unconscious, which is why it was called the invisible. Although Hades is the ruler of the realm of the dead, he should not be confused with Satan. As the god of death, Hades is gloomy, adamant and uncompromisingly fair. His decisions are not subject to appeal, but he does not personify evil and is neither an enemy of mankind, nor a tempter. His realm of the underworld is compared with death in the sense that death is only a change from one manifested material form to another inaccessible to perception, that is, a transition from one quality to another, a transformation. Of course, this process is usually painful, so Hades was presented as the ruler of the time of decline. And its first manifestation in the soul was felt as bringing darkness into life, and as a source of anxieties, downturns and sorrows - however, it is also capable of bringing enlightenment and renewal.

In ancient Roman mythology, Pluto corresponds to Hades.

realm of the dead

Hades is also called the space in the bowels of the earth, where the lord lives over the shadows of the dead, which Hermes brings. The idea of ​​the topography of Hades became more complicated over time. Homer knows: the entrance to the kingdom of the dead, which is guarded by the guard dog Hades in the extreme west ("west", "sunset" - a symbol of dying) beyond the Ocean River, washing the earth, the asphodel meadow, where the shadows of the dead wander, the gloomy depths of Hades - Erebus, rivers Kokit, Styx, Acheron, Piriflegeton. Tartarus is under the kingdom of Hades, but the gates to Tartarus are located in Hades.

Late evidence adds the Stygian swamps or the Acherusian lake, into which the Kokit river flows, the fiery Piriflegeton (Flegeton), surrounding Hades, the river of oblivion Lethe, the carrier of the dead Charon, the three-headed dog Kerber. The court over the dead is administered by Minos, in the future, the righteous judges Minos, Aeacus and Radamanth are the sons of Zeus. The Orphic-Pythagorean idea of ​​the judgment of sinners: Titius, Tantalus and Sisyphus in tartar - as parts of Hades found a place in Homer (in the later layers of the Odyssey), Plato, Virgil. A similar description of the kingdom of the dead with all the gradations of punishments in Virgil (Aeneid) is based on the dialogue "Phaedo" by Plato and on Homer with the idea of ​​atonement for earthly misdeeds and crimes already formed in them. Homer also names in Hades a place for the righteous - the Champs Elysees or Elysium. The "islands of the blessed" are mentioned by Hesiod and Pindar, so that Virgil's division of Hades into Elysium and Tartarus also goes back to the Greek tradition.

It is impossible to enter the kingdom of Hades while alive and it is impossible to leave from there. However, there are myths about how some heroes descended into Hades and came out alive. In the case of Psyche, this was the last of her heroic assignments - the only opportunity to reunite with Eros. Orpheus was also inspired by love to go down to Hades for his beloved Eurydice. Dionysus entered the underworld to find his mother Semele. In addition to love, a person can be driven to descend into the underworld by the desire for wisdom and knowledge. So, Odysseus decided to go down to the underworld in order to meet the blind seer Tiresias, who could show him the way home. Voluntary descent involves great risk, for there is never a guarantee that the daredevil will be able to return.

The problem of Hades is also associated with ideas about the fate of the soul, the relationship between soul and body, just retribution - the image of the goddess Dike, the operation of the law of inevitability (see Adrastea).

Cult and symbolism

In the Greek mythology of the Olympian period, Hades is a minor deity. He acts as a hypostasis of Zeus, no wonder Zeus is called Chthonius - "underground" and "going down." Hades is not sacrificed, he has no offspring, and he even got his wife illegally. He is defeated by Hercules. However, Hades inspires horror with its inevitability. For example, Achilles is ready to be more of a day laborer than a king among the dead. Late ancient literature(Lucian) created a parodic-grotesque idea of ​​Hades ("Conversations about the Kingdom of the Dead", apparently having its origin in the comedy "The Frogs" by Aristophanes). According to Pausanias, Hades was not revered anywhere, except for Elis, where the temple of the god was opened once a year (just as people descend into the realm of the dead only once), where only clergy were allowed to enter.

In all other cases, the cult of Hades is connected with the cult of other chthonic deities, and Hades appears as the giver of earthly blessings, rather than in the sense of the terrible god of death. Places of veneration for Hades were usually located near deep caves, clefts in the ground, etc., in which superstition saw "entrances to the underworld." Black cattle were usually sacrificed to Hades.

Hades - the owner of a magical helmet that makes him invisible; this helmet was later used by Zeus during the battle with the titans, the goddess Athena, helping Diomedes against Ares, so as not to be recognized, and the hero Perseus, getting the head of the Gorgon, Hermes in gigantomachy. This helmet was presented to Hades by the Cyclopes (Cyclopes) because he, on the orders of Zeus, freed them. The scepter of Hades depicts three dogs.

Hades in art and literature

Hades is the protagonist of Aristophanes' comedy "The Frogs", staged by the author on Leney in 405 BC. and received the first award.

Depictions of Hades are comparatively rare; most of them belong to later times. He is depicted similarly to Zeus - a powerful, mature man, seated on a throne, with a bident or rod in his hand, sometimes with a cornucopia, sometimes next to him is Persephone. At the feet of Hades is usually a kerberus (cerberus).

A detailed description of the realm of the dead can be found in Virgil's Aeneid.

In art, the most common story is about the abduction of Persephone by Hades (or Pluto of Proserpina).

Hades in modern times

Hades is one of the main characters in the film "Clash of the Titans" and two sequels, where Hades actively opposes the Olympic gods and heroes. British actor Ralph Fiennes plays Hades.

Hades is one of the main characters in the American cartoon "Hercules" as the main villain.

third son of Kronos and Rhea, Aida(Hades, Aides), got the underworld of the dead, into which the rays of the sun never penetrate, it seems, by lot, for who would voluntarily agree to manage it? However, his character was so gloomy that he could not get along anywhere else but the underworld.

In Homer's time, instead of saying "die," they said "go to the house of Hades." The imagination that pictured this house of the dead was fed by the impressions of a beautiful upper world, in which there is a lot of unjust, terrifyingly gloomy and useless. The house of Hades was thought to be surrounded by strong gates, Hades himself was called Pilart ("locking the gate") and was depicted in the drawings with a large key. Outside the gate, as in the homes of rich people who fear for their property, a three-headed, ferocious and vicious watchdog Cerberus appeared, on whose neck snakes hissed with a hiss. Cerberus lets everyone in here and doesn't let anyone out.

Each owner of such a strong house on earth had possessions. Hades also had them. And, of course, golden wheat did not pour there, scarlet apples and bluish plums hiding in the green of the branches did not please. Sad-looking, useless trees grew there. One of them still retains its association with death and separation dating back to Homeric times - the weeping willow. Another tree is silver poplar. The wandering soul cannot see either the grass-ant, which the sheep eagerly nibble, or the delicate and bright meadow flowers, from which wreaths were woven for human feasts and for sacrifices to the heavenly gods. Everywhere you look, there are overgrown asphodels, a useless weed that sucks all the juices from the meager earth to raise a hard, long stem and bluish-pale flowers, reminiscent of the cheeks of a person lying on his deathbed. Across these joyless, colorless meadows of the god of death, an icy, prickly wind drives back and forth the ethereal shadows of the dead, making a slight rustle, like the moan of freezing birds. Not a single ray of light penetrates from where the upper earthly life, illuminated by the sun, the radiance of the moon and the twinkling of the stars, flowed, neither joy nor sorrow reach. Hades himself and his wife Persephone sit on a golden throne. Judges Minos and Rhadamanth are sitting at the throne, here is the god of death - the black-winged Tanat with a sword in his hands, next to him are gloomy kers, and Erinyes, the goddess of vengeance, serve Hades. At the throne of Hades and the beautiful young god Hypnos, he holds poppy heads in his hands, and a sleeping pill is poured from the horn, from which everyone falls asleep, even the great Zeus. The kingdom is full of ghosts and monsters, dominated by the three-headed and three-body goddess Hekate, on dark nights she gets out of Hades, wanders along the roads, sends horrors and heavy dreams to those who forget to call her as an assistant against witchcraft. Hades and his retinue are more terrible and more powerful than the gods living on Olympus.

If you believe the myths, only a few managed to briefly escape from the hands of Hades and the claws of Cerberus (Sisyphus, Protesilaus). Therefore, ideas about the structure of the underworld were unclear and sometimes contradictory. One assured that they got into the kingdom of Hades by sea and that it was somewhere where Helios descends, having made his day trip. The other, on the contrary, claimed that they did not swim into it, but descended into deep cracks right there, next to the cities where earthly life proceeded. These descents into the kingdom of Hades were shown to the curious, but few of them were in a hurry to use them.

The more people went into oblivion, the more certain the information about the kingdom of Hades became. It was reported that it was girded nine times by the river Styx, sacred to people and gods, and that the Styx connected with Kokit, the river of lamentation, which, in turn, poured into the source of Leta, emerging from the bowels of the earth, giving oblivion to everything earthly. The inhabitant of the Greek mountains and valleys during his lifetime did not see such rivers as were opened to his unfortunate soul in Hades. These were real mighty rivers, such as flow on the plains, somewhere beyond the Riphean mountains, and not the miserable streams of his rocky homeland that dry up in the hot summer. You can't wade them, you can't jump from stone to stone.

To get into the kingdom of Hades, one had to wait at the Acheron River for a boat driven by the demon Charon, an ugly old man, all gray-haired, with a disheveled beard. Moving from one kingdom to another had to be paid for with a small coin, which was placed under the tongue of the deceased at the time of burial. Coinless and alive - there were also such - Charon pushed away with an oar, the rest he put in a canoe, and they had to row themselves.

The inhabitants of the gloomy underworld were subject to strict rules set by Hades himself. But there are no rules without exceptions, even underground. Those who possessed the golden branch could not be pushed away by Charon and barked at by Cerberus. But on what tree this branch grows and how to pluck it, no one knew exactly.

Here, behind a deaf threshold,
Surf waves are not heard.
There is no place for worries here.
There is always peace...
Constellations myriad
Rays do not send here,
No carefree joy
Nor fleeting grief -
Only one dream, eternal dream
Waiting in that eternal night.
L. Sulnburn

Hades

Literally "formless", "invisible", "terrible" - god - the lord of the kingdom of the dead, as well as the kingdom itself. Hades is an Olympic deity, although he is constantly in his underground possessions. The son of Kronos and Rhea, brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Demeter, Hera and Hestia, with whom he shared the legacy of his deposed father, Hades reigns with his wife Persephone (daughter of Zeus and Demeter), whom he kidnapped while she was picking flowers in the meadow. Homer calls Hades "generous" and "hospitable". the fate of death does not pass a single person; Hades - "rich", is called Pluto (from the Greek. "wealth"), because. he is the owner of countless human souls and treasures hidden in the earth. Hades - the owner of a magical helmet that makes him invisible; this helmet was later used by the goddess Athena and the hero Perseus, getting the head of the Gorgon. But there were also among the mortals capable of deceiving the lord of the kingdom of the dead. So, he was deceived by the cunning Sisyphus, who once left the underground possessions of the god. Orpheus enchanted Hades and Persephone with his singing and playing the lyre so that they agreed to return his wife Eurydice to earth (but she was forced to immediately return back, because the happy Orpheus violated the agreement with the gods and looked at his wife even before leaving the kingdom of Hades ). Hercules kidnaps from the kingdom dead dog- Guardian of Hades.

In the Greek mythology of the Olympian period, Hades is a minor deity. He acts as a hypostasis of Zeus, not without reason Zeus is called Chthonius - "underground" and "going down." Hades is not sacrificed, he has no offspring, and he even got his wife illegally. However, Hades inspires horror with its inevitability.

Please don't laugh

Late ancient literature created a parodic-grotesque idea of ​​Hades ("Conversations in the Realm of the Dead" by Lucian, apparently originating from "The Frogs" by Aristophanes). According to Pausanias, Hades was not revered anywhere except Elis, where the temple of the god was opened once a year (just as people descend into the realm of the dead only once), where only priests were allowed to enter.

In Roman mythology, Hades was associated with the god Orc.

Hades is also called the space in the bowels of the earth, where the lord lives over the shadows of the dead, which are brought by the messenger god Hermes (the souls of men) and the goddess of the rainbow Irida (the souls of women).

The idea of ​​the topography of Hades became more complicated over time. Homer knows: the entrance to the kingdom of the dead, which is guarded by Kerberos (Cerberus) in the extreme west ("west", "sunset" - a symbol of dying) beyond the Ocean River, washing the earth, gloomy meadows overgrown with asphodels, wild tulips, over which light shadows rush the dead, whose groans are like the quiet rustle of dry leaves, the gloomy depths of Hades - Erebus, the rivers Kokit, Styx, Acheron, Piriflegeton, tartar.

Later evidence also adds the Stygian swamps or the Acherusian lake, into which the Kokit river flows, the fiery Piriflegeton (Flegeton), surrounding Hades, the river of oblivion Lethe, the carrier of the dead Charon, the three-headed dog Cerberus.

Minos administers judgment over the dead, later righteous judges Minos, Aeacus and Radamanths are the sons of Zeus. The Orphic-Pythagorean idea of ​​the judgment of sinners: Titius, Tantalus, Sisyphus in tartar, as parts of Hades, found a place in Homer (in the later layers of the Odyssey), Plato, and Virgil. A detailed description of the kingdom of the dead with all the gradations of punishments in Virgil (Aeneid VI) is based on the dialogue Phaedo by Plato and on Homer with the idea of ​​atonement for earthly transgressions and crimes already formed in them. In Homer's book XI of the Odyssey, six historical and cultural stratifications are outlined in ideas about the fate of the soul. Homer also names in Hades a place for the righteous - the Elysian Fields or Elysium. The "islands of the blessed" are mentioned by Hesiod and Pindar, so that Virgil's division of Hades into Elysium and Tartarus also goes back to the Greek tradition.

The idea of ​​the fate of the soul, the relationship between soul and body, just retribution - the image of the goddess Dike, and the operation of the law of inevitability are also connected with the problem of Hades.

Persephone Bark

("girl", "virgin"). goddess of the realm of the dead. Daughter of Zeus and Demeter, wife of Hades, who, with the permission of Zeus, kidnapped her (Hes. Theog. 912-914).

The Homeric hymn "To Demeter" tells how Persephone, along with her friends, played in the meadow, collected irises, roses, violets, hyacinths and daffodils. Hades appeared from the cleft of the earth and rushed off Persephone on a golden chariot to the kingdom of the dead (Hymn. Hom. V 1-20, 414-433). The grieving Demeter sent drought and crop failure to the earth, and Zeus was forced to send Hermes with the order to Hades to bring Persephone into the light. Hades sent Persephone to her mother, but forced her to taste a pomegranate seed so that Persephone would not forget the kingdom of death and return to him again. Demeter, learning about the deceit of Hades, realized that from now on her daughter would be among the dead for a third of the year, and two-thirds with her mother, whose joy would return abundance to the earth (360-413).

Persephone wisely rules the realm of the dead, where from time to time heroes penetrate. The king of the Lapiths Pirithous, together with Theseus, tried to kidnap Persephone. For this, he was chained to a rock, and Persephone allowed Hercules to return Theseus to earth. At the request of Persephone, Hercules left the shepherd of cows Hades alive (Apollod. II 5, 12). Persephone was touched by the music of Orpheus and returned Eurydice to him (however, through the fault of Orpheus, she remained in the realm of the dead; Ovid. Met. X 46-57). At the request of Aphrodite, Persephone hid the baby Adonis in her place and did not want to return him to Aphrodite; by the decision of Zeus, Adonis had to spend a third of the year in the kingdom of the dead (Apollod. III 14, 4).

Persephone plays a special role in the Orphic cult of Dionysus-Zagreus. From Zeus, who turned into a serpent, she gives birth to Zagreus (Hymn. Orph. XXXXVI; Nonn. Dion. V 562-570; VI 155-165), later torn to pieces by the titans. Persephone is also associated with the Eleusinian cult of Demeter.

In Persephone, the features of the chthonic are closely intertwined. ancient deity and classical olympics. She reigns in Hades against her own will, but at the same time she feels like a completely legitimate and wise sovereign there. She destroyed, literally trampling, her rivals - the lovers of Hades: the nymph Kokitida and the nymph Minta. At the same time, Persephone helps the heroes and cannot forget the earth with her parents. Persephone, as the wife of the chthonic Zeus-serpent, belongs to the deep archaic, when Zeus himself was still the "Underground" king of the kingdom of the dead. A vestige of this connection between Zeus Chthonius and Persephone is the desire of Zeus that Hades kidnap Persephone against the will of Persephone herself and her mother.

In Roman mythology, she corresponds to Proserpina - the daughter of Ceres.

Hecate

Goddess of darkness, night visions and sorcery. In the genealogy proposed by Hesiod, she is the daughter of the Titanides Pers and Asteria, and thus is not connected with the Olympian circle of gods. She received from Zeus as inheritance power over the fate of the earth and the sea, was gifted by Uranus great power. Hekate is an ancient chthonic deity, which, after the victory over the titans, retained its archaic functions, was even deeply revered by Zeus himself, becoming one of the gods who help people in their daily work. She patronizes hunting, shepherding, breeding horses, human social activities (in court, people's assembly, competitions, in disputes, in war), protects children and young people. She is the giver of maternal well-being, helps in the birth and upbringing of children; gives travelers an easy way; helping abandoned loved ones. Her powers, therefore, once extended to those areas human activity, which she later had to yield to Apollo, Artemis, Hermes.

As the cult of these gods spreads, Hecate loses her attractive appearance and attractive features. She leaves the upper world and, approaching Persephone, whom she helped her mother look for, is inextricably linked with the realm of shadows. Now this is an ominous snake-haired and three-faced goddess, appearing on the surface of the earth only in moonlight, not sunlight, with two flaming torches in her hands, accompanied by black as night dogs and monsters of the underworld. Hekate - night "chthonia" and heavenly "urania", "irresistible" wanders among the graves and brings out the ghosts of the dead, sends horrors and terrible dreams, but can also protect from them, from evil demons and witchcraft. Among her constant companions were the donkey monster Empusa, capable of changing her appearance and frightening belated travelers, as well as the spirit demons of the kera. This is how the goddess is represented on the monuments visual arts starting from the 5th century. BC.

A terrible night goddess with flaming torches in her hands and snakes in her hair, Hecate is the goddess of witchcraft, a sorceress and patroness of magic that takes place under the cover of night. They turn to her for help, resorting to special mysterious manipulations. The myth introduces her into the genus of wizards, turning her into the daughter of Helios and thereby establishing a relationship with Kirk, Pasiphae, Medea, who enjoys the special patronage of the goddess: Hecate helped Medea achieve Jason's love in the preparation of potions.

Thus, in the image of Hekate, the demonic features of the pre-Olympic deity are closely intertwined, linking two worlds - the living and the dead. She is the darkness and at the same time the moon goddess, close to Selena and Artemis, which leads the origin of Hecate to the limits of Asia Minor. Hekate can be considered the nocturnal analogy of Artemis; she is also a hunter, but her hunt is a gloomy night hunt among the dead, graves and ghosts of the underworld, she rushes around a pack of hell dogs and witches. Hekate is also close to Demeter - the life force of the earth.

The goddess of sorcery and mistress of ghosts, Hekate, the last three days of each month, which were considered unlucky.

The Romans identified Hekate with their goddess Trivia, the "goddess of the three roads", just like her Greek counterpart, she had three heads and three bodies. The image of Hecate was placed at a crossroads or at a crossroads, where, after digging a hole in the dead of night, puppies were sacrificed, or in gloomy caves inaccessible to sunlight.

Thanatos fan

God-personification of death (Hes. Theog. 211 next; Homer "Iliad", XIV 231 next), son of the goddess Nikta (Night), brother of Hypnos (Sleep), goddesses of fate Moira, Nemesis.

In ancient times, there was an opinion that the death of a person depends only on it.

This point of view is expressed by Euripides in the tragedy "Alcestis", which tells how Hercules repulsed Alcestis from Thanatos, and Sisyphus managed to shackle the sinister god in chains for several years, as a result of which people became immortal. This was until the moment when Thanatos was released by Ares on the orders of Zeus, since people stopped making sacrifices to the underground gods.

Thanatos has a dwelling in tartar, but usually he is located at the throne of Hades, there is also a version according to which he constantly flies from one bed of a dying person to another, while cutting off a strand of hair from the head of a dying person with a sword and taking his soul. The god of sleep, Hypnos, always accompanies Thanatos: very often on antique vases you can see paintings depicting them together.

Roam and Malice, and Troubles, and
terrible death between them:
She holds the pierced, then catches the unpierced,
Or the dead body is dragged by the leg along the section;
The riza on her breasts is stained with human blood.
In battle, like living people, they attack and fight,
And one before the other is carried away by bloody corpses.
Homer "Iliad"

Kera

 . demonic creatures, death spirits, children of the goddess Nikta. They bring people misfortune, suffering and death (from the Greek "death", "damage").

The ancient Greeks represented the ker as winged female creatures that flew up to a dying person and stole his soul. The Keres are also in the midst of the battle, seizing the wounded, dragging the corpses, stained with blood. Keres live in Hades, where they are constantly at the throne of Hades and Persephone and serve the gods of the underworld of the dead.

Sometimes Ker was brought together with Eriny. In the literature on the history of mythology, Greek kers and Slavic "punishments" are sometimes associated.

Like the murmur of the sea in an alarming hour,
Like the cry of a stream that is constrained,
There sounds drawn out, hopeless,
A pained groan.
Faces distorted with flour,
There are no eyes in their eye sockets. open mouth
Spews abuse, entreaties, threats.
They look with horror through tears
In the black Styx, in the abyss of terrible waters.
F. Schiller

Erinyes Erinnia

Goddesses of vengeance, born of Gaia, who absorbed the blood of castrated Uranus. The ancient pre-Olympic origin of these awesome deities is also indicated by another myth about their birth from Nikta and Erebus.

Their number was initially uncertain, later it was believed that there were three Erinyes, and they were given names: Alecto, Tisiphon and Megaera.

The ancient Greeks imagined Erinyes as disgusting old women with hair intertwined with poisonous snakes. In their hands they hold lit torches and whips or instruments of torture. A long tongue protrudes from the terrible mouth of monsters, and blood drips. Their voices resembled both the roar of cattle and the barking of dogs. Having discovered the criminal, they pursue him relentlessly, like a pack of hounds, and punish him for immoderation, arrogance, personified in the abstract concept of "pride", when a person takes on too much - he is too rich, too happy, knows too much. Born by the primitive consciousness of a tribal society, the Erinyes in their deeds express the leveling tendencies inherent in it.

The dwelling place of insane demons is the underground kingdom of Hades and Persephone, where they serve the gods of the underworld kingdom of the dead and from where they appear on earth among people to arouse revenge, madness, anger in them.

So, Alecto, drunk with the poison of a gorgon, having penetrated in the form of a snake into the chest of the queen of the Latins Amata and filling her heart with malice, made her insane. The same Alecto, in the form of a terrible old woman, prompted the leader of the rutuls, Turnn, to fight, thereby causing bloodshed.

Terrible Tisiphone in tartar beats criminals with a whip and frightens them with snakes, full of vindictive anger. There is a legend about Tisiphone's love for King Cithaeron. When Cithaeron rejected her love, Erinia killed him with her snake hair.

Their sister, Megara, is the personification of anger and vindictiveness, and to this day Megaera remains a household name for an evil, grumpy woman.

The turning point in understanding the role of the Erinyes comes in the myth of Orestes, described by Aeschylus in The Eumenides. Being the oldest chthonic deities and guardians of maternal rights, they persecute Orestes for the murder of his mother. After the trial in the Areopagus, where the Erinyes argue with Athena and Apollo defending Orestes, they reconcile with the new gods, after which they receive the name Eumenides,  ("good-minded") , thereby changing its evil essence (Greek  , "to be insane") to the function of patronesses of law. Hence the idea in Greek natural philosophy, in Heraclitus, of the Erinyes as "guardians of truth", for without their will even "the sun will not transgress its measure"; when the Sun goes beyond its track and threatens the world with destruction, it is they who force it to return to its place. The image of the Erinyes has gone from chthonic deities protecting the rights of the dead to organizers of the cosmic order. Later, they were also called semeni ("venerable") and pontii ("powerful").

The venerable, supportive Erinyes act in relation to the hero of the early generation Oedipus, who, without knowing it, killed his own father and married his mother. They give him comfort in their sacred grove. Thus, the goddesses carry out justice: Oedipus's cup of torment overflowed. He had already blinded himself for an involuntary crime, and being in exile, he suffered from the selfishness of his sons. Just like the defenders of law and order, the Erinyes angrily interrupt the prophecies of Achilles' horses, broadcasting about his imminent death, for it is not a horse's job to broadcast.

The goddess of just retribution Nemesis was sometimes identified with the Erinyes.

In Rome, they corresponded to the furies ("mad", "furious"), Furiae (from furire, "to rage"), the goddess of revenge and remorse, punishing a person for his sins.

The realm of the dead is described by Greek mythology as a very gloomy place. How did the god of the underworld Hades become the supreme ruler of the kingdom of the dead and was able to turn it into a dark kingdom.

Last time we settled on the fact that Hades and the rest of the sons of Kronos, as children, were swallowed own father. Of course, being gods, they did not die, but simply ended up in his womb. Hades and his brothers and sisters grew up in the womb of their father, all except Zeus - he managed to avoid the wrath of Kronos. After when Zeus grows up, he will return to his father and free his brothers and sisters.
Having been released, the children of Kronos united among themselves and became the Olympic gods. They seized power by force, overthrowing their fathers in a grandiose battle - titanomachy.

Having won this battle, the proclaimed olympic gods had to somehow share power. Three Brothers Zeus Poseidon Hades- Three male Olympians agreed to demarcate their possessions. For Hades, this was a decisive moment that forever determined the balance of power among the gods. According to the law of those times, the eldest son Hades had the advantage. He was entitled to inherit most of it. But him younger brother Zeus did not want to give in to Hades, he offered to draw lots. The one to whom the sky falls will become the supreme ruler of the world.
The gods drew lots. Poseidon got the sea, Zeus got the sky, thus he became the supreme ruler in ancient Greek mythology. Hades got the worst option - the land of the dead.

In ancient Greece, the attitude towards the dead was not much different from today. Therefore, Hades was revered in a completely different way from other gods. Other gods also did not come to him, because they hated death. His realm of the dead is always dark and oppressive, a place full of suffering for many souls. realm of the dead Greek mythology imagined it as an endless land of dark caves and rivers. It is a gray and gloomy place where the smell of decay hangs over the water.
Caves in ancient Greece were something of a transition point from land to underground life. The ancient Greeks feared Hades and his kingdom. But even more they were afraid of dead souls who could not enter the realm of the dead. According to the myth, these souls returned and haunted the living.

After some time god of the underworld Hades began to transform world of the dead to the real kingdom. As befits a king, he rewarded the good and punished the bad. Thus, Hades gathered a group of guards who watch over the souls of the dead. Cerberus is a cruel three-headed dog. Hekatonkheires or hundred-armed guards of Tartarus. And his most faithful follower - Charon. It was Charon who transported the souls of dead people on the river Styx. Only with the help of Charon could one get to Hades. Besides, no one could cross the Styx for free. For transportation, each soul was obliged to give a coin to the carrier. If the soul does not have money to pay Charon, it will forever wander without rest near the banks of the Styx. From here, the Greeks always put a coin to the deceased, either on the eyelids or under the tongue. It was a mandatory ritual, for its non-fulfillment was severely punished. After all, otherwise the deceased could return to this world, and this could affect everyone.

In the mythology of ancient Greece, people who left this world young, died a violent death and those who were not buried according to all the rules, became restless spirits. These spirits cannot enter the realm of the dead, so they are restless, unhappy and evil. The same souls that went to Hades stayed there forever.

The punishment for those who tried to escape from the realm of the dead was very cruel. But some still made attempts to escape.
The myth of Sisyphean labor tells about a man who first dared to go against the will of Hades. His name is Sisyphus. At the very end of his earthly life, Sisyphus decided to cheat death. He asked his wife not to bury him. He knew that if he was not buried, his soul would remain between the world of the living and the dead.
It is hard enough to deceive Hades himself, so Sisyphus turned to Persephone. He told her how outraged he was that his wife didn't even bury him! Persephone felt sympathy for him and became angry with his wife. She allowed Sisyphus to go upstairs and give his wife a beating. Of course, Sisyphus did not even think about returning to the realm of the dead.

As the saying goes the legend of sisyphus, Hades, having learned that he was deceived, was very angry. He immediately brought Sisyphus back to the underworld. His punishment was painful and eternal. He was sent to Tartarus, where he had to roll a huge round stone up a huge mountain. And in the evening, getting almost to the top, he was exhausted to watch how the stone again breaks down and rolls down. He had to endure these torments daily for ever and ever, hence the expression - Sisyphean labor.

Hades- the ruler of the underworld, the underworld, where the shadows of dead people and some immortal characters of mythology reside, who lost the battle for power to Zeus and the Olympians.

People tried not to pronounce the name of this god (Hades), but mentioned him allegorically. He was called "Invisible" (Aidoneus - Hades) or "Rich". last name in Greek it sounded like "Pluto" (whence the Roman name of this god came from), and in Latin - Dis (from the word dives - "rich"). Other less common names are the Good Counselor, the Illustrious, the Hospitable, the Locking the Gate, and the Hateful. And he was also called the Zeus of the Underground or the Zeus of the Underworld.

Although the Greeks considered Hades to be sullen, cold, and merciless, they did not see him as evil or satanic. Hades - like Zeus and Poseidon - was portrayed as a mature bearded man. One of the attributes of Hades is the invisibility helmet given to him by the Cyclopes, and as the god of wealth he is depicted with a cornucopia.
Origin

Hades, the son of Kronos and Rhea, was swallowed by his father immediately after birth. When Zeus and Metis gave Kronos vomit and he vomited up all his children, the brothers - Hades and Poseidon - joined Zeus in his fight against Kronos and the Titans. Having won the victory, the brothers divided the world among themselves. Hades was given the underworld by lot.

At Aida had no children, and few myths are dedicated to him. He spends most of his time in the underworld, invisible to others. He only surfaced twice. Once, according to Homer, Hades went to Olympus for help when Hercules wounded him with an arrow. More famous case when he went upstairs to kidnap Persephone.

Sphere of influence

His sphere of influence in the realm of souls is the sphere of the unconscious, which is why he was called invisible. Although Hades (Hades) is the ruler of the realm of the dead, it should not be confused with Satan. As the god of death, Hades is gloomy, adamant and uncompromisingly fair. Its decisions are not subject to appeal. However, he does not personify evil and is neither an enemy of mankind nor a tempter. His kingdom of the underworld is compared with death in the sense that death is only a change of dimension, a change of one manifested form, for example, what we call material, to another that is not accessible to perception from matter, that is, a transition from one quality to another, a transformation. In other words, what was in the sphere of the subconscious passes into awareness, as a result of which a qualitative change occurs, hence the addition to what already existed before, that is, wealth.

Therefore, another name for Hades is Pluto, which in Greek means "wealth", "prosperity". The invisible fullness of this god was symbolically depicted in the form of a cornucopia, which he held in his hands. This horn is full of various fruits or precious stones and metals.

Of course, this process is usually painful, therefore, Aida was associated as the ruler of the time of decline. And its first manifestation in the soul was felt as bringing darkness into life, and as a source of anxieties, downturns and sorrows, but it also has the ability to bring enlightenment and renewal.

Therefore, the god of the underworld and his kingdom are called in one word - Hades, or Hades. He is the least known because until the transition from one dimension to another is made, he remains "invisible".

And to get acquainted with his kingdom, you need to go down "down". Only then can untold riches be discovered in the twilight and cold of that space, which mystics call " dark night soul", and psychologists - deep depression, when a person is cut off from the usual reality and "sunshine" Everyday life seems unbearable to him.

The spirit of death brings a person to Hades. The "death" of relationships, habitual way of life, hopes, goals, meaning can lead us there. The very experience of waiting for physical death - when its proximity is likely or inevitable - also introduces a person to the underworld.

Most people go down to Hades to meet Hades against their will. Like Achilles in Troy, the hero - a man (or woman) whose ego and dignity is identified with success - can "die" due to a major defeat in a battle or contest. Such a defeat marks the death of his image of an invincible hero and his sense of his own invulnerability. A forced descent into the underworld can occur when a person becomes a victim. There comes a moment when everyone can feel helpless, experience horror - and enter the dark, cold, underworld cut off from the world. When a person feels like a victim, he is "abducted" by Hades - which happened to Persephone.

Some volunteer to go down to Hades to meet the king of the underworld. In the case of Psyche, this was the last of her heroic assignments - the only opportunity to reunite with Eros. Orpheus, who descended to Hades after Eurydice, was also driven by love. Dionysus went to the underworld to find his mother, Semele. In Sumerian mythology, Inanna-Ishtar volunteers to go to the underworld to meet her dark sister, Ereshkigal. In addition to love, a desire for wisdom or knowledge can induce a person to descend into the underworld. So, Odysseus decided to go down to the underworld in order to meet the blind seer Tiresias, who could show him the way home. Voluntary descent involves great risk, for there is never a guarantee that the daredevil will be able to return.

Kingdom of Hades

The realm of Hades is the unconscious, both personal and collective. There are our repressed memories, thoughts and feelings - everything that seems too painful, shameful or unacceptable to show in the light of day - unfulfilled desires, unfulfilled opportunities. In the underground world of the collective unconscious is everything that is possible to imagine, everything that has ever been. It must have been precisely after knowing this world that the Roman poet Terentius uttered his famous saying: "Nothing human is alien to me."

The messenger of the gods Hermes accompanied the souls to the underworld, he also brought Persephone out of there. The lesser-known messenger of the gods, Irida Rainbow, could also descend into the underworld when she wanted to. After eating the pomegranate seeds, Persephone returned to the upper world, she also gained the ability to periodically descend to Hades. As the queen of the underworld, she meets and serves as an escort for those who go down there voluntarily. Although the underworld went to Hades by lot, he lives there permanently. Although the ruler of the underworld can leave his possessions, however, according to myths, he took advantage of this opportunity only twice.

In life, as in mythology, some people can descend to the underworld and return from there, some can accompany other souls to this realm, and some even know the underworld very well, because they live there constantly or periodically.

In order to work in the depths of the soul, the seeker needs an archetypal connection with Hermes, Persephone, Dionysus or Hades. These archetypes help a person to get acquainted with the area of ​​the unconscious and everything that is there, including insanity. These same archetypes allow a person to work fruitfully with the issues of death and dying. So depression and near-death experiences are, in a way, the most common initiation methods for entering the realm of Hades. After that, a person is no longer afraid of death - as, they say, those who were initiated in the Eleusinian mysteries were not afraid of it.

However, on Mount Olympus, where Zeus ruled, Hades was not loved and was very afraid. The patriarchy and patriarchal religions see the underworld as a realm of evil, ruled by Satan - people make a lot of efforts not to get there after death, and underestimate this dimension in life. As long as the culture as a whole and individual individuals identify themselves only with Zeus and the heavenly gods, the underworld will be perceived more as a realm of horror than a source of wealth. But in the underworld there is everything that a person needs to gain integrity. The shadows that live there are images of the collective unconscious, or archetypes, forms that need to be vital energy; disembodied potentials waiting to be born.

The underworld in the most negative Christian description is called hell and is associated with eternal fire and damnation. The English word hell ("hell") comes from the name of the Norse goddess of the underworld Hel (Hel). The Celtic lord of death is Helman. As in the case of Hades, the names of the deities of the underworld here coincide in sound with the name of the kingdom itself. Researcher Barbara G. Walker notes that the pre-Christian "hell" (hell) among the Celts was a uterine symbol - a sanctuary, or sacred cave of rebirth, which in Norwegian was called hellir. According to even earlier mythological ideas, Hel is a cauldron-womb filled with purifying fire. Initially, the underworld was the kingdom of the Mother, and only then did it pass into the possession of the Father. And as the values ​​of the heavenly god gained more and more weight in the world, the underworld began to be perceived in a negative light and inspire fear.

Hades also represents one of the repressed aspects of the father archetype. In a patriarchal culture, as on Mount Olympus, Zeus rules. It is in his likeness that the prevailing image of the father is formulated. In individuals and in culture as a whole, Hades exists as an unconscious factor, and in order to know and appreciate it, it is necessary to make a descent.

The lord of the kingdom of the dead - Hades Hades (Gales) - the eldest son of Kronos and Rhea and his two brothers divided the whole world among themselves.

Hades

The Thunderer rules over the earth and all its inhabitants, the Ocean - over the sea and river expanses, and, Hades - inspires fear and reverence, the ruler of the kingdom of the dead.

Mortals respected and trembled before the supreme deities, but the greatest fear and awe inspired them by Hades - the king of the underworld, from where there is no return.

Mortals feared him so much that they tried never to speak his name aloud. "Invisible", "Immortal", "Rich", "Hospitable", "Recipient of gifts" - these are just a few names that call the lord of the kingdom of shadows.

No, he was not considered bloodthirsty and cruel, he was fair and reasonable, but no one could escape his judgment. There was no hatred for people in his gaze, but when he fixed his cold eyes on a mortal, no one could lie.

All bad and good deeds were open before this gloomy God, and only he could decide what would happen to the soul in his kingdom: whether it would be doomed to eternal suffering or rest in silence and unconsciousness.

Underworld of the dead

Three dark cold rivers blocked the path of mortals to the kingdom of Hades:

• through the first Acheron, the old carrier Heron transports souls, but he will carry only those who can pay for his work, so the relatives of the dead always put a small silver coin in their hands,
• the second - Summer - the river of oblivion,
• the third Styx - it washes the shores of the realm of shadows.

The most terrible and indestructible oath of the Gods and people is the waters of the Styx, no one dares to break it. The rays of the sun never penetrate into the underworld, the shadows of the dead will never come to the surface of the earth, never a living person will be able to penetrate into the realm of the dead.

To prevent this from happening, the dog Cerberus (Kerberus) strictly guards the entrance to the underworld, all his three heads vigilantly keep order, Poisonous snakes entangled in a ball around his neck and poisonous saliva drips from his fangs to the ground.

Citizens of Hades

Not the great Hades himself takes mortal souls, his servant and associate God of death Thanatos is subordinate to him. In a black wide cloak on huge resinous wings, he flies above the earth and takes the souls of people with him. Whoever fell into his strong hands will not break out! The ruthless Erinyes, the avenging goddess with whips in her hands, pursues people who have broken the law.

There is nowhere to hide from their anger, they whip with whips and snakes poison people with an unclean conscience, and sooner or later they will take their souls to the court of Hades. Souls of kind beneficent people to the kingdom of no return, escorted by Hermes. He brings them to the ferry and helps them get into the boat.

Huge, gloomy and beautiful is the palace of Hades (Gales). He stands in the very center of the realm of the dead, neither groans, nor cries, nor joy, nor jubilation penetrate there. In a huge hall there is a golden throne, on which the Lord of the world sits. Nobody argues with his decisions. He is not at odds with anyone. He is not afraid of anyone. He does not try to tempt people, he does not demand love and respect from them.

Hades knows that someday everyone will arrive in his domain for his judgment. In the hands of Hades, a cornucopia, ripe fruits and precious stones pour out of it, but dead souls no longer need this. The formidable Thanatos and his merciful brother Hypnos, the god of Sleep, stand near the throne. Death is merciless and merciless, and sleep is desirable for everyone, it gives rest, restores strength and health, comforts and soothes in grief.

Relentless Hekate

One of the most feared goddesses in Greek mythology, the relentless Hekate also lives in the realm of Hades. The patroness of black magic, sorcerers and ghosts, often herself comes to earth on moonless nights and wanders in search of a victim. The Goddess has three bodies and three terrible faces, so temples for her were built at the crossroads of three roads. Sorcerers and witches worship this Goddess, she helps them in their black deeds. Blood sacrifices are brought to her in temples: dogs, cats, and sometimes babies.

Persephone

Next to Hades sits his young beauty wife Persephone, daughter of Demeter. Hades, who never loved her, fell in love with her and stole her from her mother. Everyone is afraid of the Lord of the kingdom of the dead, and only Persephone can put in a good word for someone.

There are daredevils who descended alive into the world of shadows:

• Orpheus to save his beloved Eurydice,
• tender Psyche behind Cupid,
• Hercules, on the orders of the king for the dog Cerberus.

But you can’t leave the realm of the dead at will, you need Hades himself to give such permission. And you should not show yourself alive in this world ahead of time, because everyone is assigned his time.