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Friedrich Nietzsche is a great German philosopher and writer. His outer life is very uneventful, but his inner life is an amazing emotional drama, told with touching lyricism. Nietzsche's entire rich literary heritage can be considered as artistic autobiography. However, great critical caution is required here. Individual paradoxes of Friedrich Nietzsche, snatched from the general context of his worldview and divorced from the lyrical-psychological soil that nurtured them, served as a considerable source of temptation and embarrassment for unprepared people. The true meaning of Nietzsche's philosophy will become clear only to those who patiently follow all the stages of his bizarre and painful spiritual growth.

Friedrich Nietzsche. Photo taken in Basel ca. 1875

Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the poor village of Röcken on the border of Prussia and Saxony and was the son of a Lutheran pastor. His father died at a young age from a serious mental illness, when Nietzsche was a child. In his adolescence and early youth, Nietzsche willingly prepared for the pastorate. He received his secondary education at the famous Naumburg Pforte school, where he was enrolled at the age of 14. Nietzsche was a good student and did not experience any philosophical anxieties or doubts on the gymnasium bench. He had a tender affection for his family and always looked forward to the possibility of vacation with extreme impatience. In 1862, Friedrich entered the University of Bonn and immediately specialized in classical philology. As a freshman, he made an unsuccessful attempt to preach to the students the improvement and purification of traditional corporate life, and after that he always kept aloof from the comrade masses. A little later, Nietzsche moved to the University of Leipzig, where he soon began to feel more comfortable.

In Leipzig, among diligent, but far from inspired studies of ancient languages, he accidentally read Schopenhauer’s book “The World as Will and Representation”, and this accident for a long time predetermined the main direction of his mental interests. Schopenhauer became Nietzsche's first philosophical love, who was delighted with his constant readiness to go against all official trends and fearlessly tell his contemporaries the most bitter truth. Nietzsche began to highly value Schopenhauer's penetrating understanding of world-historical tragedy and the unshakable heroism of questioning thought.

The philological works of Nietzsche's student attracted the attention of foreign scientists, and in 1868, before receiving a university diploma, the University of Basel offered him a professorship in the department of Greek literature. At the insistence of his teacher, the famous scientist Ritschl, Nietzsche accepted this invitation. After this, the doctoral exam was just a pleasant formality for him. Having settled in Basel, Nietzsche soon, to his great joy, met and became close to the famous composer Richard Wagner, and this friendship marked a very important step in the spiritual evolution of Friedrich Nietzsche. “In everything that exists, Wagner noticed a single world life - with him everything speaks and nothing is silent,” - this is how Nietzsche characterizes the philosophical merit of his new inspirer.

Friedrich Nietzsche. Drawing by H. Olde, 1899

Nietzsche, who spent the last 10 years of his life suffering from paralytic dementia, died on August 25, 1900 in Weimar. His sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche established a rich and interesting “Friedrich Nietzsche Museum” in this city.

, culturologist, representative of irrationalism. He sharply criticized the religion, culture and morality of his time and developed his own ethical theory. Nietzsche was a literary rather than an academic philosopher, and his writings are aphoristic in nature. Nietzsche's philosophy was highly influential in the formation of existentialism and postmodernism, and also became quite popular in literary and artistic circles. The interpretation of his works is quite difficult and still causes a lot of controversy.

Friedrich Nietzsche(full name - Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche) - German thinker, philosopher, composer, philologist and poet. His philosophical ideas were strongly influenced by the music of the composer Wagner, as well as the works of Kant, Schopenhauer, and ancient Greek philosophy.

short biography

Friedrich Nietzsche was born October 15, 1844 in eastern Germany, in a rural area called Röcken. There was no unified German state at that time, and in fact Friedrich Wilhelm was a citizen of Prussia.

Nietzsche's family belonged to a deeply religious community. His father- Carl Ludwig Nietzsche was a Lutheran pastor. His mother– Francis Nietzsche.

Nietzsche's childhood

2 years after Friedrich’s birth, his sister was born - Elizabeth. Another 3 years later (in 1849) his father died. Friedrich's younger brother Ludwig Joseph, - died at the age of 2, six months after the death of his father.

After the death of her husband, Nietzsche’s mother raised her children on her own for some time, and then moved to Naumburg, where relatives joined in the upbringing, surrounding the little ones with care.

From early childhood Friedrich Wilhelm showed success in studies– he learned to read quite early, then mastered writing and even began to compose music on his own.

Nietzsche's youth

At 14 years old After graduating from the Naumburg Gymnasium, Friedrich goes to study at Gymnasium "Pforta". Then - to Bonn and Leipzig, where he begins to master theology and philology. Despite significant successes, Nietzsche did not receive satisfaction from his activities either in Bonn or Leipzig.

When Friedrich Wilhelm was not yet 25 years old, he was invited to become a professor of classical philology at the Swiss University of Basel. This has never happened in the history of Europe.

Relationship with Richard Wagner

Friedrich Nietzsche was simply fascinated by both the music of the composer Wagner and his philosophical views on life. In November 1868 Nietzsche meets the great composer. Later he becomes almost a member of his family.

However, the friendship between them did not last long - in 1872 the composer moved to Bayreuth, where he began to change his views on the world, converted to Christianity, and began to listen more to the public. Nietzsche did not like this, and their friendship came to an end. In 1888 he wrote a book "Case Wagner", in which the author expressed his attitude towards Wagner.

Despite this, Nietzsche himself admitted later that the music of the German composer influenced his thoughts and manner of presentation in books and works on philology and philosophy. He said this:

“My compositions are music written in words, not notes”

Philologist and philosopher Nietzsche

The ideas and thoughts of Friedrich Nietzsche had a significant influence on the formation of the latest philosophical movements - existentialism and postmodernism. His name is associated with the origin of the theory of negation - nihilism. He also gave birth to a movement that was later called Nietzscheanism, which spread at the beginning of the 20th century both in Europe and in Russia.

Nietzsche wrote on all the most important issues of social life, but above all about religion, psychology, sociology, and morality. Unlike Kant, Nietzsche did not simply criticize pure reason, but went further - questioned all the obvious achievements of the human mind, tried to create his own system for assessing the human condition.

In his morality, he was too aphoristic and not always clear: with aphorisms he did not give final answers, more often he frightened with the inevitability of the arrival of new "free minds", not clouded by the consciousness of the past. He called such highly moral people "superman".

Books by Friedrich Wilhelm

During his life, Friedrich Wilhelm wrote more than a dozen books on philosophy, theology, philology, mythology. Here is a small list of his most popular books and works:

• “Thus spoke Zarathustra. A book for everyone and no one” - 1883-87.
• "Case Wagner" - 1888
• “Morning Dawn” - 1881
• “The Wanderer and His Shadow” - 1880
• “Beyond good and evil. Prelude to the philosophy of the future" - 1886

Nietzsche's disease

At the University of Basel, Nietzsche experienced seizures for the first time mental illness. To improve his health, he had to go to a resort in Lugano. There he began working intensively on a book "The Origin of Tragedy", which I wanted to dedicate to Wagner. The disease did not go away, and he had to leave his professorship.

May 2, 1879 he left teaching at the university, receiving a pension with an annual salary of 3,000 francs. His subsequent life became a struggle against illness, despite which he wrote his works. Here are the lines with his own memories of that period:

“ ...at thirty-six years old I had sunk to the lowest limit of my vitality - I was still living, but I could not see three steps ahead of me. At that time - it was in 1879 - I left my professorship in Basel, lived the summer like a shadow in St. Moritz, and spent the next winter, the sun-poor winter of my life, like a shadow in Naumburg.

This was my minimum: The Wanderer and His Shadow arose in the meantime. Without a doubt, I then knew a lot about shadows... In the next winter, my first winter in Genoa, that softening and spiritualization, which was almost due to the extreme impoverishment in blood and muscles, created the “Dawn.”

The perfect clarity, transparency, even excess of spirit, reflected in the said work, coexisted in me not only with the deepest physiological weakness, but also with the excess of the feeling of pain.

In the midst of the torture of three days of continuous headaches, accompanied by painful vomiting of mucus, I had the clarity of a dialectician par excellence, I thought very calmly about things for which, in healthier conditions, I would not have found in myself enough refinement and calmness, I would not have found the audacity of a rock climber.”

last years of life

In 1889 At the insistence of Professor Frans Overbeck, Friedrich Nietzsche was placed in a Basel psychiatric clinic. In March 1890, his mother took him home to Naumburg.

However, soon after this she dies, which causes even greater damage to the health of the weak Nietzsche - apopleptic strike. After this he can neither move nor speak.

August 25, 1900 Friedrich Nietzsche died in a mental hospital. His body is buried in the old church of Röcken, in the family crypt.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), German philosopher and poet. Born in the village of Röcken near Lützen (Saxony) on October 15, 1844. His father and both grandfathers were Lutheran ministers. The boy was named Friedrich Wilhelm in honor of the reigning king of Prussia. After the death of his father in 1849, he was brought up in Naumburg am Saale in a house where his younger sister, mother, grandmother and two unmarried aunts lived. Nietzsche later attended the famous old boarding school Pfort, and then studied at the universities of Bonn and Leipzig, where he delved into the Greek and Latin classics. In an old bookshop in Leipzig, he one day accidentally discovered the book “The World as Will and Idea” by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, which made a strong impression on him and influenced his further work.

In 1869, Nietzsche, who had already published several scientific articles but did not yet have a doctorate, was invited to take the chair of classical philology at the University of Basel in Switzerland. Having become a professor, Nietzsche also received Swiss citizenship; however, during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, he enlisted in the Prussian army as a private orderly. Having seriously undermined his health, he soon returned to Basel, where he resumed teaching. He became a close friend of the composer Wagner, who then lived in Tribschen.

Books (28)

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 1. Part 1

The birth of tragedy. From the heritage of 1869-1873.

The first half volume of the first volume of the complete works of F. Nietzsche includes the book “The Birth of Tragedy” (in a new edition of the translation by G. Rachinsky), as well as articles from the heritage of 1869-1873, thematically related mainly to antiquity, ancient Greek philosophy, mythology, music , literature and politics.

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 1. Part 2

Untimely thoughts. From the heritage (works of 1872-1873).

The second volume of the first volume of the complete works of the German thinker F. Nietzsche includes all four of his “Untimely Reflections,” as well as lectures “On the Future of Our Educational Institutions” and other works from the heritage of 1872-1873, devoted to problems of knowledge and culture.

For many readers of Nietzsche, it may be a discovery not only the very range of ideas revealed in these texts, but also how relevant they, with all their polemical sharpness, are in today's world.

Three of the four “Untimely Reflections” are presented in new translations, some works are published in Russian for the first time, previously published translations have been verified with the original and substantially edited.

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 3

The third volume of the complete works of the German thinker F. Nietzsche includes his key works “Dawn” and “The Gay Science”, as well as poems from the cycle “Idylls of Messina”.

The previously published translations by V. Bakusev (“Morning Dawn”) and K. Svasyan (“The Gay Science”) are presented in a new edition.

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 9

Drafts and sketches 1880-1882.

The ninth volume of the complete works of F. Nietzsche contains drafts and other notes relating to the period 1880-1882.

First of all, these are fragments related to the philosopher’s work on “Dawn” and “The Gay Science.” Among the drafts and notes of 1881 are passages that are extremely important for understanding Nietzsche’s philosophy, devoted to the eternal return and problems of knowledge.

Part of the volume consists of notes made by Nietzsche while reading the works of Descartes and Spinoza (as presented by K. Fisher), B. Pascal, St. Mill, G. Spencer, R. W. Emerson, as well as works of art by French authors (especially Stendhal and Countess de Remusat).

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 11

Drafts and sketches 1884-1885.

The eleventh volume of the complete works of F. Nietzsche contains drafts and other notes relating to the period 1884-1885.

First of all, these are fragments related to Nietzsche’s work on the fourth (final) book of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, and the new edition of Human, All Too Human, as well as on Beyond Good and Evil and a collection of poems, subsequently published not published.

Another group consists of notes made while reading works of art (A. de Custine, O. de Balzac, the Goncourt brothers, E. Renan, Stendhal, P. Merimee, Goethe and many others) and scientific works (G. Teichmüller, E. von Hartmann, P. Deyssen, G. Oldenberg).

The entries on Wagner, as well as Nietzsche's central themes of the will to power and the eternal return, deserve special mention.

Friedrich Nietzsche's work, Antichrist, was created in 1888, an extremely fruitful year for the German philosopher. In it, he addresses those who are capable of being “honest in intellectual matters to the point of cruelty,” for only such readers are able to bear the “seriousness and passion” with which Nietzsche smashes Christian values ​​and overthrows the very idea of ​​Christianity.

Genealogy of morality

The genealogy of morality was conceived by Friedrich Nietzsche as an appendix to his essay “Beyond Good and Evil,” published in 1886.

The external reason for writing “The Genealogy of Morals” was the wave of misunderstandings that befell the author in connection with his previous work, in which Nietzsche tried to formulate the principles of a new moral behavior that remained moral, even without being associated with the supernatural.

In “The Genealogy of Morals,” Nietzsche, with his characteristic paradoxical thought and depth of psychological analysis, examines the history of the origin of prejudices associated with the “God-given nature” of morality as such.

David Strauss, confessor and writer

This essay is the first in a series of cultural critical essays conceived by Nietzsche immediately after the publication of “The Birth of Tragedy,” united under the general title “Untimely Reflections.”

Nietzsche's original plan covers twenty themes or, more precisely, twenty variations on a single cultural critical theme. Over time, this plan was either reduced (to thirteen) or increased (to twenty-four). Of the planned series, only four essays were completed: “David Strauss, confessor and writer,” “On the benefits and harms of history for life,” “Schopenhauer as an educator,” “Richard Wagner in Bayreuth.”

Evil Wisdom. Aphorisms and sayings

The book includes aphorisms and sayings of Friedrich Nietzsche.

“...A sublime person, seeing the sublime, becomes free, confident, broad, calm, joyful, but the absolutely beautiful shocks him with its appearance and knocks him off his feet: in front of it he denies himself...” (Nietzsche)

Untimely reflections

Friedrich Nietzsche's grandiose plan - a series of twenty culturally critical essays under the general title "Untimely Reflections" - was eventually realized by him in the form of four essays: "David Strauss, Confessor and Writer", "On the Benefits and Harms of History for Life", "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth", "Schopenhauer as an educator".

This is one of Nietzsche’s first works, which determined his further development in the spirit of irrationalism and reflected the philosopher’s two passionate intellectual passions: the image of Wagner and the philosophy of Schopenhauer.

The book became a bold statement by the young Nietzsche for his own, original - sometimes scandalous - and deepest understanding of various philosophical and aesthetic topics.

Nietzsche: Pro et contra

The purpose of the collection is to present the Russian image of Nietzsche as he was perceived and entered into the Russian cultural tradition at the dawn of the 20th century.

The book consists of essays by venerable Russian philosophers and writers at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, which have become classics of Russian Nietzsche studies. The anthology contains various, sometimes opposing, approaches, assessments and interpretations of the work of the German philosopher.

The birth of tragedy from the spirit of music

"... but those who would see in this coincidence the presence of a contradiction between patriotic excitement and aesthetic sybaritism, between manly seriousness and cheerful play would fall into error; on the contrary, upon actually reading this book it will become amazingly clear to them how strictly German The problem we are dealing with here is one that we have placed precisely at the center of German hopes, as the point of apogee and turning point..."

In this work, Nietzsche develops an impressive picture of the continuing impact on thinking, and on humanity in general, of the world of the Greek gods.

Two of them - Apollo and Dionysus, are for Nietzsche the personification of the irreconcilable opposition of two principles - Apollonian and Dionysian. The first of them is a world of dreams, beauty, perfection, but above all orderliness. The Dionysian is barbaric, returning back to nature, inherent in the individual who feels like a work of art, accordingly violating any measure.

Collection of books

Ecce Homo, how to become yourself
Antichrist. A curse on Christianity
Fun Science
The will to power. Experience of revaluation of all values
Evil wisdom (Aphorisms and sayings)
Selected Poems
Towards a genealogy of morality
Case Wagner
Untimely Reflections - "David Strauss, Confessor and Writer"
Untimely reflections - “On the benefits and harms of history for life”
Untimely Reflections - "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth"
Untimely Reflections - "Schopenhauer as Educator"
About the future of our educational institutions
Songs of Zarathustra
Beyond good and evil
The Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism and Pessimism
Mixed opinions and sayings
The Wanderer and his shadow
Twilight of idols, or how they philosophize with a hammer
Thus spoke Zarathustra
Morning dawn, or the thought of moral prejudices
Human, all too human

Mixed opinions and sayings

Every person striving to understand the world sooner or later turns to the works of Friedrich Nietzsche.

This book contains statements of the great German thinker. They force you to look in a new way at what has long seemed known and beyond doubt.

Works in 2 volumes. Volume 1

Works in 2 volumes. Volume 2

A book by one of the greatest representatives of German existentialism, Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche's paradoxical logic and characteristic set of expressive means, requiring close study, lead the thoughtful reader to the borderline experience of human existence.

Friedrich Nietzsche's two-volume work was originally planned for the Philosophical Heritage Library, but "philosophical" discussions around the word "heritage" pushed Nietzsche out of the Library - he now finds his rightful place in it.

Friedrich Nietzsche is a German philosopher, thinker, poet and even composer. His non-academic teachings became widespread not only in the scientific and philosophical community, but also far beyond its borders. Nietzsche questioned the key principles of the norms of culture and morality, social and political relations generally accepted in the 19th-20th centuries. The philosopher’s concept still causes a lot of controversy and disagreement.

Childhood and youth

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the village of Röcken, located near Leipzig. His father, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, as well as both of his grandfathers, were Lutheran ministers. A few years later, the boy had a sister, Elisabeth, and a couple of years later, a brother, Ludwig Joseph. Friedrich's younger brother died in 1849, and his sister lived a long life and passed away in 1935.

Soon after the birth of his youngest son, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche died. His mother took full responsibility for raising Friedrich. This continued until 1858, when the matured young man went to get an education at the prestigious Pforta gymnasium. The time he studied at the gymnasium became fateful for Nietzsche: there he first began to write, became interested in reading ancient texts, and even experienced an irresistible desire to devote himself to music. There, Friedrich became acquainted with the works of Byron, Schiller, Hölderlin, and the works of Wagner.

In 1862, Nietzsche began his studies at the University of Bonn, choosing philology and theology. The young student soon became bored with student life; In addition to this, he did not have good relationships with his classmates, to whom he tried to instill a progressive worldview. Therefore, Friedrich soon transferred to the University of Leipzig. One day, while walking around the city, he accidentally wandered into an old bookshop and purchased the work “The World as Will and Representation.” The book greatly impressed Nietzsche and influenced his development as a philosopher.

Friedrich's studies at the Faculty of Philology at the University of Leipzig went brilliantly: already at the age of 24, the guy was invited to teach classical philology as a professor at the University of Basel. This was the first time in the European higher education system that such a young scientist was allowed to receive the status of professor. However, Nietzsche himself did not take much pleasure in his studies, although he did not refuse to build a professorial career.

However, the philosopher did not work long as a teacher. Upon taking up this post, he decided to renounce his Prussian citizenship (the University of Basel is located in Switzerland). Therefore, Nietzsche could not participate in the Franco-Prussian War, which took place in 1870. Switzerland took a neutral position in this confrontation and therefore allowed the professor only to work as an orderly.

Friedrich Nietzsche was not in good health since childhood. So, at the age of eighteen he suffered from insomnia and migraines, at the age of thirty, in addition to this, he became practically blind and began to experience stomach problems. He completed his work in Basel in 1879, after which he began to receive a pension and began to work closely on writing books, without ceasing to fight the disease.

Philosophy

Friedrich Nietzsche's first book was published in 1872 and was entitled The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music. Before this, the philosopher had submitted a number of scientific articles for publication, but had not yet published full-fledged books. His first serious work consists of 25 chapters.

In the first 15, Nietzsche tries to establish what Greek tragedy is, and in the last 10, he talks and discusses Wagner, with whom he met and was friends for some time (until the composer converted to Christianity).

"Thus spoke Zarathustra"

No other work by a philosopher can claim the level of popularity of Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Friedrich Nietzsche received the main ideas for his famous work thanks to a trip to Rome at the end of the 19th century. There he met the writer, therapist and philosopher Lou Salome. Nietzsche found her a pleasant listener and was fascinated by the flexibility of her mind. He even tried to propose to her, but Lou Salome chose friendship over marriage.

Soon Nietzsche and Salome quarreled and never communicated again. After this, Frederick wrote the first part of the work “Thus Spoke Zarathustra,” in which modern researchers unmistakably guess the influence of the philosopher’s soulmate and ideas about their “ideal friendship.” The second and third parts of the work were published in 1884, and the fourth appeared in print in 1885. Nietzsche published 40 of them at his own expense.

The style of this work changes as the narrative progresses: it turns out to be poetic, comic, and again close to poetry. In the book, Frederick first introduced the term superman, and also began to develop the theory of the will to power. At that time, these ideas were poorly developed, and he subsequently developed his concept in the works “Beyond Good and Evil” and “Towards the Genealogy of Morality.” The fourth book of the work is dedicated to the story of how Zarathustra ridiculed the hated admirers of his own teaching.

Will to power

Almost all of the philosopher’s works run through the morality of the will to power as the basic concept of his theory. According to Nietzsche, dominion represents the primary nature, the fundamental principle of existence, as well as a way of existence. In this regard, Frederick contrasted the will to power with goal setting. He said that choosing a goal and moving towards it can already be called a full-fledged act of power.

Death of God

Friedrich Nietzsche was actively interested in issues of religion and death. “God is dead” is one of his famous postulates. The philosopher explained this statement as an increase in nihilism, which was a consequence of the devaluation of the supersensible foundations of life directions.

The scientist also criticized Christianity for the fact that this religion prefers being in the afterlife to life in the real world. The author dedicated the book “Antichrist” to this topic. A curse on Christianity." Friedrich Nietzsche first expressed his nihilistic position in the book “Human is All Too Human,” which was published in 1876.

Personal life

Friedrich Nietzsche repeatedly changed his views on the female sex, so the popularity of his quote “Women are the source of all stupidity and unreason in the world” does not fully reflect his views. Thus, the philosopher managed to be a misogynist, a feminist, and an antifeminist. At the same time, his only love was probably Lou Salome. There is no information about the philosopher’s relationships with other women.

For many years, the biography of the philosopher was closely connected with the life path of his sister Elizabeth, who took care of her brother and helped him. However, gradually discord began in these relations. Elisabeth Nietzsche's husband was Bernard Foerster, one of the ideologists of the anti-Semitic movement. She even went with her husband to Paraguay, where supporters of this movement intended to create a German colony. Due to financial difficulties, Förster soon committed suicide, and the widow returned to her native country.

Nietzsche did not share his sister's anti-Semitic views and criticized her for such a position. Relations between brother and sister improved only towards the end of the latter’s life, when he, weakened by illness, needed help and care. As a result, Elizabeth gained the opportunity to dispose of her brother's literary works. She sent Nietzsche's works for publication only after making her own edits, as a result of which some provisions of the philosopher's teaching were distorted.

In 1930, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche supported the Nazi regime and invited her to become an honored guest of the Nietzsche Museum-Archive, which she created. The leader of the fascist movement was pleased with the visits and awarded the philosopher’s sister a lifelong pension. This was partly the reason that Nietzsche is often associated in the minds of ordinary people with fascist ideology.

Death

The philosopher often found himself misunderstood both by his close people and by the general public. His ideology began to gain popularity only in the late 1880s, and at the beginning of the 20th century his works were translated into many languages ​​of the world. In 1889, Friedrich Nietzsche's creative work ceased due to clouding of his mind.

There is an opinion that the philosopher was shocked by the scene of the horse being beaten. This seizure became the cause of a progressive mental illness. The writer spent the last months of his life in a Basel mental hospital. After some time, his elderly mother took him to his parental home, but she soon died, which is why the philosopher received an apoplexy.

Bibliography

• "The Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism and Pessimism"
• "Untimely Thoughts"
• “Human, all too human. A book for free minds"
• "Morning dawn, or thoughts about moral prejudices"
• "Fun Science"
• “Thus spoke Zarathustra. A book for everyone and no one"
• “Beyond good and evil. Prelude to the philosophy of the future"
• “Toward the genealogy of morality. Polemical essay"
• "Case Wagner"
• "Twilight of the Idols, or how one philosophizes with a hammer"
• "Antichrist. A curse on Christianity"
• “Ecce Homo. How to become yourself"
• "The Will to Power"