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Sun protection is only possible in a few basic ways. We invite you to get to know each of them in more detail.

How to protect your skin from the sun?

There are three ways we can protect our skin from ultraviolet rays: make them reflect, deactivate them, and finally repair or compensate for the damage they cause. Chemistry allows you to go any of three ways. In the United States and Europe, people spend about $200 million annually on creams with physical and chemical filters. However, most consumers are unaware that applying a sunscreen oil or cream in the morning may not be enough to provide long-term UV protection, as it is likely that the product will be washed off during the day, either through sweat during intense exercise or water during bathing. When, being in a cool pond, we feel invigorating freshness, this does not mean that ultraviolet rays do not affect us, this type of electromagnetic radiation easily passes through the water. Silicone oils, which are inherently water-repellent, are added to some creams to provide long-lasting protection for those who exercise in the sun or swim in open water on sunny days.

A good sunscreen should contain titanium dioxide or zinc oxide to protect the skin from UV-A rays and organic ingredients to protect against UV-B; it should be easy to apply to the skin, create long-lasting protection and be invisible. Sunscreen should not be sticky and should not be washed off while swimming, but it should be easy to wash off in the shower with soap or gel. Bacteria should not grow in the cream, and it should smell good. And, of course, the product must provide reliable and long-term sun protection with a coefficient (SPF - sun-protection factor) of at least 15.

SPF protection factor

The protection factor is the degree to which a sunscreen protects the skin from UV rays, and ranges from 2 to 30 or more. The coefficient is calculated from the ratio of the time required for the occurrence of a burn on the skin protected by the agent, and the time during which the burn forms on the unprotected skin. For example, if a burn occurs on unprotected skin after two hours, and on protected skin after twelve hours, then the protection factor of the cream can be calculated by dividing 12 by 2, and it will be equal to 6. Thus, the protection factor allows you to evaluate the degree to which sunscreen limits UV exposure to the skin. At a factor of 2, ultraviolet radiation is reduced by 50%, and at a factor of 4, only 25% of the UV rays reach the skin, while 75% of the radiation is absorbed, at a factor of 10, ultraviolet rays are absorbed by 90%, and at a factor of 25, by 96% and penetrates into the skin only 4% UV. Theoretically, it is possible to achieve a protection factor of 50, a product with this coefficient will block 98% of UV rays, but for now, manufacturers can offer us creams with a maximum protection factor of just over 30.

Initially, sunscreens with a factor of 10 were considered reliable protection from the sun, but today some restless consumers use products with a factor of 30, as a result, during a two-week vacation, subject to regular use of a sunscreen, such people receive a lower dose of ultraviolet radiation than during a one-day exposure to the sun with unprotected skin. Protection factor values ​​can be misleading, some people might think that a cream with a factor of 30 protects the skin twice as effectively as a cream with a factor of 15. This is not true, in this example, a stronger agent is only 4% more effective in protecting the skin compared to a more weak. A cream with an SPF of 30 will absorb 97% of UV rays, while a cream with a SPF of 15 will absorb 93% of UV rays.

A standard sunscreen lotion contains 5% titanium dioxide, 5% some kind of chemical filter, 10% various oils, 5% emulsifier, and the remainder is distilled water. The role of the emulsifier in this mixture is to prevent the water and oil from separating into two layers. The lotion also requires the presence of a preservative to protect it from microorganisms.

Reflection sun rays

The best way to achieve reflection of UV rays from the skin is to apply a layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) on it, both of these white substances are part of the “zincy” ointment, which serves to protect the most vulnerable skin areas from the sun, such as the nose, cheekbones and lips.

Those who need to spend a lot of time in the sun, such as farmers, builders, athletes, use similar ointments. Thanks to the efforts of pharmacists, less noticeable forms of these drugs have been created, and zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are added to sunscreens, but in such proportions that they remain invisible.

The trick with titanium dioxide is to use micrometer or nanometer particles of this substance, which are invisible to the naked eye, the optimal size for them is considered to be 50 nm. When chemical and physical filters are used together, these substances enhance the effect of each other, so it turns out that a smaller amount of each of them is required. However, some sunscreens can interfere with each other, for example, a number of organic sunscreens cause microparticles to stick together, thereby weakening their protective potential, and at the same time make the sunscreen visible on the skin due to the formation of large white metal oxide clusters. The addition of silicone oil to the sunscreen prevents caking by retaining titanium oxides and in microparticle form. Another way to counteract the whitening effect of titanium dioxide is to bind it to the mica particles, which will keep your skin's natural color when sunscreen is applied.

Sunlight absorption

The second way to protect the skin is to create a transparent protective film on its surface that would absorb and neutralize dangerous UV rays. There are many different UV absorbers, all of which neutralize sunlight in different ways. For example, ortho-hydroxybenzophenone absorbs the energy of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of about 330 nanometers, due to this energy one of the hydrogen atoms of the absorber molecule passes from its oxygen atom to the neighboring oxygen atom of the same molecule. As a result, the molecule is in an unstable high-energy state, then the reverse transition occurs with the release of energy in the form of heat, which does not harm the skin.

Other substances act according to a similar mechanism, in which an electron excited by ultraviolet passes to the outer orbital of the atom, from which it soon returns to its original position, transferring the absorbed energy into the energy of a mechanical vibration. In order for the described transformations to take place, the absorber molecule must contain a special chemical structure called a chromophore.

More than 6000 tons of sunscreens are produced annually, these include derivatives of aminobenzoic acid, camphor, cinnamic acid, they are mainly effective against UV-B, while benzophenone and dibenzoylmethane derivatives block UV-A rays.

The listed substances belong to chemical filters of an organic nature, since the structure of their molecules is based on a carbon skeleton. All of them are highly soluble in oil, although sometimes the solubility is insufficient for their use in cosmetics, in such cases it is increased by adding simple sugars to the molecules. But even in this case, some of the chemical solar filters cannot be used, as they lose their properties when exposed to the sun or diffuse into the wall of the plastic container.

Skin restoration

The third way to protect is to repair the damage caused by UV rays, for this, so-called free radical scavengers are used. The fact is that UV rays have sufficient energy to break chemical bonds; as a result of such a break, chemically highly active fragments of molecules are formed -. Free radicals can interact with almost any chemical structure they encounter along the way, including DNA. The most active radicals are formed from oxygen. When ultraviolet rays hit the molecule of this substance, the so-called singlet oxygen is formed, which is extremely harmful to any biological structures.

Our bodies can easily deal with free radical damage to DNA, but UV also damages the immune system, whose function is to detect molecular damage and trigger repair mechanisms. As a result, the likelihood that a DNA mutation will remain undetected is greatly increased. Our body produces special “cleaners” that are able to provide adequate protection against free radicals. Molecules that protect us from free radicals also include vitamins and: Not surprisingly, they are added to sunscreen lotions along with others, such as seed-derived polyphenols.

So what do we need to do to protect our skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation? best advice is to avoid being in the sun between eleven and fifteen o'clock. For the rest of the day, if you plan to be at the beach or swim in open water, use sunscreen with a factor of 15. If you want to walk, play sports, work in the garden in sunny weather, wear closed clothing and a hat. It is the clothes that remain the best protection from the sun. The German chemical company BASF has even released a nylon fabric in which particles of titanium dioxide are embedded. Closed clothing made of such material can be an effective means of protection from the sun.

What are the main benefits of summer? Of course, the sun, good weather, outdoor activities. Be sure to show off your tan. This is why we love summer. But there is always a fly in the ointment in a barrel of honey. Increasingly, doctors are warning us about the dangers of UV radiation that we receive from being in the sun. One of the most dangerous effects of sun exposure on the skin is skin cancer. Every year the incidence of this type of cancer is growing, and many people believe that sunscreen is needed for those who do not want to look tanned!

Dermatologists note with regret that in most cases this dangerous disease could have been prevented if we had followed simple precautions while in the sun. Children under 18 years of age are especially at risk as their bodies grow and are more susceptible to the harmful effects of UV radiation.

Simple rules for sun exposure that can save your life and the lives of your children:

1. Avoid direct sunlight, prefer shade from trees, awnings, umbrellas. Especially dangerous is the time from 10 am to 4 pm, when it is preferable to stay at home. Remember that the shade is not a complete protection from the sun, so follow the measure here too.
2. Be sure to use sunscreen! Doctors recommend using a broad spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30. For reference, a sun protection factor (SPF) of 10-15 is weak protection, SPF 20-30 is medium protection, and SPF 40-50 is strong protection. The cream should not be particularly spared and applied in an even layer on all open areas of the body. Every two hours, you should repeat the procedure for applying the cream, especially if you sweat or swim. It is mandatory to apply sunscreen to children's skin.
3. You need to dress properly going outside in summer. Clothing should be loose but tight and cover as much of the body as possible. But in the summer, we want to strip as much as possible, so remember to follow rules 1 and 2 to protect yourself from the harmful effects of UV radiation. Give preference to natural fabrics that allow the skin to breathe. Wear a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses.
4. Don't use the solarium! Doctors warn that this increases the risk of skin cancer at times. If you urgently need a tan, use self-tanning products (while no one cancels sunscreen).

In general, doctors recommend not only to exclude a solarium, but also a tan as such and not to specifically look for the sun. But modern fashion trends run counter to the opinion of doctors, so keep the golden mean while sunbathing on the beach and follow the above recommendations.

How dangerous is ultraviolet radiation.

Sunlight is the basis of life. And this is true, but everything is good in moderation. When sunlight is in excess, it can cause serious harm.

The most dangerous is sunburn. The fact is that ultraviolet radiation is part of ionizing radiation, radiation, and with a sunburn, the same damage occurs in the skin as with radiation damage. Free radicals appear, the genetic apparatus of cells is damaged and, as a result, mutations appear. In the future, these mutations accumulate, which ultimately leads to the development of a cancerous tumor.

In second place in terms of danger is excessive - “black” tan. Sunburn is a response, protective reaction of your skin to the damaging effect of ultraviolet radiation. Accordingly, the more pronounced the tan, the greater the damaging force on the skin was applied. Obviously, all resources run out sooner or later. And, if you abuse sunburn, the ability of the skin to protect itself from various damages will decrease.

The ability to perceive ultraviolet radiation is an individual feature of each person. This ability is called the human phototype. It is predetermined from birth and does not change throughout life. The following skin phototypes are distinguished:

What is ultraviolet radiation.

The enemy must be known by sight. Before describing ways to protect against the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation, let's figure out what it is - sunlight?

The ultraviolet part of the solar radiation spectrum consists of three parts:

• Ultraviolet rays type A - UVA.
• Ultraviolet rays type B - UVB.
• Ultraviolet rays of type C - gamma radiation.

Let's start with type C. This is gamma radiation. It is extremely dangerous for humans, but practically does not reach the surface of the earth due to the ozone layer in the atmosphere. Here we should not forget about the thinning of this layer and the ozone holes.

Being on the beach or just on the street on a sunny day, we come into contact with ultraviolet rays of type A - UVA and type B - UVB

Ultraviolet A (UVA) rays make up the lion's share of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth and act imperceptibly on humans. However, it is they that penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin, reducing the content of collagen, elastin and water in the cells, and accelerate the aging process. They also contribute to the development of allergies and enhance the action of UVB rays. In addition, recent studies have shown that UVA significantly contributes to the development of cancer. Type A ultraviolet rays predominate between dawn and 11:30 and after 15:00.

UVA radiation causes a mild, painless redness to appear on the skin of a person, which forms immediately after exposure and disappears after a few minutes. After that, a light tan appears on the human skin.

Under the influence of short-wavelength ultraviolet B (UVB) rays, special cells (melanocytes) produce a pigment called melanin. Its main task is to protect the skin from exposure to ultraviolet rays: the pigment delays the sun's rays and partially neutralizes free radicals. The amount of this pigment (melanin) in the skin cells determines the color of the tan. In fact, the production of melanin and, accordingly, tanning is a protective reaction of skin cells from the harmful effects of UVB. Type B ultraviolet rays predominate when the sun is close to the zenith i.e. from 11:00 to 14:00.

A critical dose of UVB radiation usually causes severe and painful reddening of the skin, blisters and even ulcers - a classic sunburn that occurs several hours after relaxing on the beach at a dangerous time from 11 am to 3 pm. These damages pass slowly, after which a persistent, chocolate tan appears on the skin, which is caused by an increase in the content of melanin pigment in the surface layer of the skin - the epidermis. It is ultraviolet rays of type B that play the main role in damaging the genetic apparatus of skin cells, which subsequently leads to the development of skin cancer.

Protection methods

- Sunscreen. I described in detail how to choose the right sunscreen for you in the article “How to choose a sunscreen”, but once again I would like to draw your attention to the fact that sunscreens are most effective only when the sun is at its zenith - from 11:30 to 15 :00. Before 11:30 and after three in the afternoon, the point of using sunscreen is lost, because. type A ultraviolet rays begin to predominate, against which sunscreens are ineffective.

- Mechanical protection. In other words, a shadow, clothes. The most reliable way to protect the skin from damage from direct sunlight. Moreover, a tan will still appear, because. ultraviolet is scattered in the air and will hit the skin. But it will be a soft, beautiful tan on healthy skin.

- Time protection. Do not appear in the sun during its maximum activity. It's not always noon. At different latitudes, the time the sun is at its zenith varies from 11:30 to 13:30 hours, and for the period from 11:00 to 15:00, up to 70% of the entire daily portion of ultraviolet radiation falls on the Earth's surface.

- Distance protection. Blacks live in Africa, not because they are very tanned, but because there is no other way to survive there. Solar activity in the equatorial zone is not compatible with the life of a white-skinned person. If you are going to go on vacation to the south, then it is better to choose a country where the indigenous population is at least somehow similar to you in terms of skin color.

- Natural sunscreen. These are various oils. Experts have determined that the components that make up natural oils are able to provide sufficient protection against the effects of solar radiation.

Australian walnut oil

This nut is considered the king of nuts, and its oil is famous for its properties, which are similar to those of sebum, whose main function is to protect the skin from drying out and waterproof the hair. This oil has quite high level protection against UV rays and as a component of protection is used with an SPF level of 6.

Grape seed oil

Due to the content of a large amount of proanthocyanidins, it removes free radicals from the body. Also, due to the pronounced antioxidant properties, the oil accelerates the process of skin cell renewal. This oil has SPF 4.

Coconut oil

Known as solid oil. The oil extract is obtained by pressing the pulp of the fruit of the coconut palm. Fatty acids and moisturizing ingredients give the oil antimicrobial, antibacterial properties. But the SPF level of coconut oil is not high - only 2.

Hemp oil.

Its properties are similar to the natural lipids of the human body. Lipids are essential for normal cell development. Hemp oil is perfectly absorbed by the skin, providing it with additional fat content, amino acids and other useful substances. The protection level of this oil is SPF 6.

Jojoba oil.

The properties of jojoba oil are also similar to those of sebum. The oil has not only the ability to protect the skin from the sun, but also has an anti-inflammatory effect, thanks to its constituent myristic acid. The SPF protection level is 4.

Diet. You can also prepare your skin for the summer season and ensure a beautiful even tan with the help of certain foods.

For a safe and beautiful tan in the summer, you should include carrots, tomatoes, spinach, asparagus, celery, sorrel, different kinds lettuce, broccoli, oily fish and seafood, meat and liver, brown (unpolished) rice, bananas, dates, beans, almonds, peanuts, peaches, apricots, orange, grapefruit, tangerine.

But there are products that are not "friends" with a tan. These are tea, coffee, chocolate, smoked meats, pickles and marinades, fried foods, corn, parsley, alcoholic drinks: beer, cocktails, aperitifs.

As you can see, there are many ways not to harm yourself in the summer. And it is better to combine them. You need to strive to ensure that by the end of the day your skin is of a normal color, and not red, like scalded. A tan at the end of the beach season should be moderate.

Take care of yourself and be healthy!

Oncologist, Ph.D. Zinkevich Maxim Vyacheslavovich.

At the height of summer, we figured out how and what sunscreen protects us from, as well as why we use more sunscreens, and the incidence of melanoma is increasing.

How does the protection factor protect

In choise sunscreen most people rightly rely on the SPF protection factor. This abbreviation comes from the English Sun Protective Factor and stands for sun protection factor, which characterizes the degree of protection provided by this cream. SPF is listed in large numbers on each bottle. How more number the more protection.

Before using sunscreen, you need to realize what skin phototype nature has given you. It depends on the production of melanin - a dark pigment that is contained in the cells of the epidermis and absorbs light. If there is a lot of melanin, a person has naturally dark skin, while he tans well and does not burn in the sun. If it is not enough, a person has very light skin, which turns red and burns even with a short stay in the sun. Often the owners of such skin have red hair. Most often, the skin belongs to the intermediate type, and in total there are six phototypes.

For the first and second phototypes (light-skinned), a high protection factor (SPF> 20) is needed, for the fourth-sixth phototypes, a rather low one (SPF< 10).

It is believed that the protection factor number indicates how many times longer you can stay in the sun with sunscreen than without it. For example, if without a cream your skin turns red in the sun in half an hour, then with SPF4 cream this time increases to two hours.

Redness of the skin (erythema) is the first stage of a sunburn, and then, as you know, the skin peels off, the top layer of the epidermis comes off. Nobody wants to burn in the sun, and that is why we use protective equipment. They protect the skin from burns.

From burn to cancer

But red and peeling skin is not all the trouble that we get from the sun. Radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) range damages skin cells, which leads to their increased aging (photoaging) and increases the likelihood of skin cancer, primarily its most dangerous variety - melanoma. This is because UV radiation damages biological molecules. Under its influence, photochemical reactions occur, leading to the appearance of free radicals - molecules with an unpaired electron that damage proteins and DNA.

If the skin protein collagen is damaged in this way, the skin ages intensely. If the changes affect the DNA, the cell can become cancerous.

In the solar spectrum, UV radiation is divided into three ranges depending on the wavelength. The shortest UV-C rays (200–290 nm) hardly reach the Earth's surface due to the atmosphere and its ozone layer; UV-B (290–320 nm) and UV-A (320–400 nm) are what our skin gets. But they act differently.

UV-B, as a shorter wavelength, has more energy and burns the skin more, which is what we are most afraid of. UV-A at first glance is more harmless radiation, it does not burn as much, but it penetrates deeper into the cellular layers of the skin, into the dermis. This means that it is this range of ultraviolet that brings with it dangerous consequences - photoaging and cancer.

Accordingly, the letters UVB or UVA are indicated on the bottle of sunscreen. For example, UVB means that the product only protects you from UV-B rays, that is, only from sunburn. But on modern products of good brands, as a rule, the letters UVA circled are also indicated. This means that the product protects not only from UV-B, but also from UV-A rays.

For those who want to tan, it would be interesting to know: will any amount of ultraviolet light break through the double protection to get a beautiful skin tone? In addition, ultraviolet radiation is “not only harmful, but also beneficial”: under its influence, vitamin D, which is extremely important for the body, is synthesized in the skin and various other beneficial processes occur. For example, blood pressure decreases, and with it the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Fans of a tanned body need not worry: the body will not remain completely without ultraviolet radiation even with protective equipment. Firstly, they are usually smeared with an insufficiently thick layer on the skin (the norm is 2 mg of cream per 1 cm 2), so they still do not work at full strength. Secondly, any protection does not eliminate ultraviolet, but only weakens its effect.

Another important factor to consider is that the spectrum of solar radiation is not the same at different times and at different latitudes.

At noon (according to astronomical time), the intensity of radiation at a wavelength of 290–320 nm (B-band) is ten times higher than at 9.00 or 15.00.

The reason is that the sun at this time is higher above the horizon, and in the morning and evening hours it falls to the ground in oblique rays, which travel a greater distance in the atmosphere and are more scattered. For the same reason, the intensity of short-wave radiation is greater, the closer one is to the equator. In other words, when going on a trip to the tropics, you need to keep in mind that the sun will burn more strongly not only with heat, but also with ultraviolet radiation. And accordingly, increase the level of protection. More intense ultraviolet is also in the mountains, increasing by about 6% for every kilometer of altitude.

Do creams help cancer?

Do sunscreens protect against cancer? Science and medicine do not yet have a clear answer to this question.

Optimism is hindered by the fact that the incidence of skin cancer, including melanoma, is growing in the world.

Although, it would seem, it should decrease, because people now use sunscreen much more.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 130 thousand cases of melanoma and 66 thousand deaths from melanoma and other forms of skin cancer are registered annually in the world. Compared with the middle of the last century, by the beginning of the 21st century, the incidence of melanoma has increased six times. The highest level is observed in those countries whose population has fair skin and where it is customary to sunbathe in the sun: in Australia, New Zealand, North America and Northern Europe. In Norway and Sweden, the annual incidence of melanoma has more than tripled in the last 45 years, and in the US it has doubled in the last 30 years. The highest rates of melanoma are in Australia, where many residents are of Northern European descent and live in climates with substantially higher solar radiation.

Experts have three hypotheses to explain why people use sunscreen more often and melanoma is on the rise.

First, this type of skin cancer develops slowly, its latent period is 20–40 years.

So it's possible that today's melanoma victims received a dangerous dose of radiation in their early youth, when sunscreens were not yet so popular.

And the fashion for a tan began in the 1950s, when tanned skin became a sign of well-being and prosperity.

Secondly, the ozone layer of the earth's atmosphere is becoming thinner, which reduces the effectiveness of its protection from ultraviolet radiation.

Perhaps this is the answer to the question, how did we all live before, going out into the sun without any creams? The sun was less aggressive.

The third hypothesis is the most unpleasant: perhaps sunscreens not only protect against cancer, but also provoke it.

Feeling safe, people, smeared with cream, spend much more time in the sun,

however, they may not apply the cream to the entire body or less than necessary, or wash it off with water (experts say that waterproof products are a myth). Thus, they get more exposure to UV-A radiation along with the risk of getting cancer.

Finally, the substances that work in sunscreens and sprays may not be safe themselves. They include physical UV absorbers that reflect and scatter the sun's rays - these are zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Another group of protective substances are chemical UV filters that reduce the effect of radiation on cells. If you read their list on the package, few people will like the names: para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), although many manufacturers have already abandoned it, as it can cause allergies; octylmethoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3, 4-isopropyldibenzoylmethane, etc. They penetrate the skin, and how they act with long-term use has not yet been properly studied. For example, a 2001 report released by the Environmental Working Group (EWG) states that many popular sunscreens contain ingredients that may be carcinogenic.

Studies that have tried to objectively prove whether sunscreens protect against cancer have yielded conflicting results.

Here is what the European recommendations for the fight against malignant tumors, which are given on the website of the Anticancer Society of Russia, say: “These drugs can protect against squamous cell carcinoma, but at present there is not enough convincing evidence that they have a protective effect in the case of basal cell carcinoma. cancer and melanoma. When using them, it is very important to avoid prolonged exposure to the sun, which can lead to an increased risk of melanoma.”

Scientists at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, after analyzing the association of sunscreen use with squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma, say sunscreens protect against these cancers and do not lead to vitamin D deficiency, but only when applied correctly to the skin.

According to a specialist oncodermatologist, experts from the International Agency for Research on Cancer studied the preventive effect of the use of sunscreen on the development of skin cancer. They found that the use of a barrier cream could prevent erythema and squamous cell carcinoma. For basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, this effect has not yet been determined due to the difficulty of investigating a long latency period. Paradoxically, there is conflicting evidence that sunscreen use may increase the risk of melanoma with increased sun exposure. Of the 15 studies, only 3 showed a significant reduction in melanoma risk, 4 showed no significant effect, and 8 showed an increase in risk.

Solar circle - the sky around

How to protect children from the sun is a separate issue. Dermatologists emphasize that an excess of ultraviolet radiation in childhood is most dangerous for the risk of developing melanoma throughout life.

The child has a very thin epidermis, and melanocyte cells that produce melanin begin to work only by the end of the second or third year of life.

Should you put sunscreen on your kids? Some scientists who have studied this issue argue that an oil-based emulsion containing physical filters is best suited for children. Although chemical filters are also indispensable in order to achieve the SPF-50 protection factor, which is recommended for children. But at the same time, oxybenzone and octocrylene should be avoided in the composition.

And it is best to keep smaller children in the sun at noon and wear light cotton clothes and a panama hat on their heads. Russian pediatricians believe that up to three years a child should not be under the scorching rays of the sun at all, and from three years old - no more than 15 minutes.

And adults should also remember that no protective cosmetics can replace a head on their shoulders. The sun in large quantities, like alcohol, is dangerous for your health.