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Church of the Intercession Mother of God(St. Basil's Cathedral) - the main temple of Red Square and all of Moscow. It was built in the middle of the 16th century by decree of Ivan the Terrible in honor of the capture of the Kazan Khanate - part of the former Golden Horde. On October 1, 1552, on the feast of the Intercession of the Mother of God, the assault on Kazan began, which ended with the victory of the Russian army.

An old Moscow legend says that when a deacon proclaimed the gospel stanzas at a lunch service in a camp church near Kazan: “Let there be one flock and one shepherd,” a part of the enemy city’s fortress wall, under which a tunnel was made, flew up into the air, and Russian troops entered to Kazan.

Two years later, in Moscow on Red Square, the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin was laid. Initially, here, on the edge of the Moskva River, on a hill next to the moat that surrounded the medieval Kremlin and filled up in the 19th century, there was a white-stone church in the name of Life-Giving Trinity, where the most revered holy fool Basil the Blessed in Russia was buried. The legend said that he himself collected money from the floor for the future Intercession Church, brought it to Red Square and threw it over his right shoulder - nickel to nickel, penny to penny, and no one, even thieves, touched these coins. And before his death, in August 1552, he gave them to Ivan the Terrible, who soon ordered the construction of a church on this site.

During the campaigns against Kazan, Ivan the Terrible ordered that votive wooden churches be erected around the Trinity Church in honor of those saints, on the days of whose memory victories were won in the battle with the enemy. So, on August 30, on the day of the three Patriarchs of Constantinople - Alexander, John and Paul - a detachment of the Tatar cavalry of Prince Yepanchi was defeated. On September 30, on the day of memory of Gregory of Armenia, the fortress wall of Kazan was taken along with the Arskaya tower. On October 1, on the feast of the Intercession, the assault on the city began, victoriously ending the next day, on October 2, on the feast of Cyprian and Ustinya.

Other temples, according to researchers, were connected with the reigning dynasty or with local events in Moscow: for example, Vasily III in December 1533 before his death was tonsured under the name Varlaam. The Church of the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem was probably founded in honor of the victorious return of Ivan the Terrible with an army to Moscow, which was symbolically expressed in the Moscow icon of the 16th century “The Militant Church”.

All these thrones were originally part of the nine domes-churches of the Intercession Cathedral, when St. Macarius of Moscow, Metropolitan, advised the tsar to build one cathedral in stone here. He was also the author of the brilliant idea of ​​a new temple. At first, it was supposed to leave seven temples around the central eighth, but during the construction process, “for the sake of symmetry”, the ninth southern chapel was added, later consecrated in honor of Nikola Velikoretsky.

The Church of the Intercession was erected in 1555-1561 by Russian architects Barma and Postnik Yakovlev (and perhaps it was one master - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma). There is a legend that, having seen the temple, Ivan the Terrible ordered the craftsmen to be blinded so that they could not build such a miracle anywhere else. As if to the king’s question whether the master could build another equally beautiful temple or even better, he answered with a challenge: “I can!” and angered the king. "You are lying!" cried the Terrible and ordered to deprive both eyes so that this temple would remain the only one. Popular rumor spread the rumor that Ivan the Terrible allegedly built this temple in honor of his father, Grand Duke Vasily III: “The people will remember me for a thousand years without churches, but I want my parent to be remembered.” That is why the temple is supposedly called St. Basil the Blessed.

The throne of the central tent was consecrated in the name of the Intercession of the Mother of God, and the cathedral began to be fully called the temple of the Intercession of the Mother of God, "which is on the Moat." (Celebration of the Intercession in Russian church calendar also introduced by the holy prince Andrei Bogolyubsky). Metropolitan Macarius consecrated the temple in July 1557 in the presence of the tsar, but the construction was continued by the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsar Fedor Ioannovich, under whom the relics of St. Basil the Blessed, and subsequent sovereigns of the Romanov dynasty.

The small north-eastern church of St. Basil the Blessed, later built on the grave of the holy fool revered in Moscow, later gave the whole temple a different, more common name - St. Basil's Cathedral. However, she, together with the chapel of the Nativity of the Virgin, arranged at the site of the acquisition of the relics of the holy fool John of Moscow, did not enter the main ideological and compositional plot of the cathedral, but only accompanied it, as it were.

The unique Intercession Cathedral became a military temple and at the same time the most complex symbolic embodiment of the Moscow national idea of ​​the Third Rome, representing the architectural image of the biblical New Jerusalem - the Kingdom of God, described in the Revelation of John the Theologian (Apocalypse). They not only prayed in it - he himself was an icon imprinted in stone.

The idea of ​​the Intercession Cathedral is based on the apocalyptic symbolism of Heavenly Jerusalem. Eight domes, located around the central ninth tent, in plan form a geometric figure of two squares combined at an angle of 45 degrees, in which it is easy to see an eight-pointed star.

The number 8 symbolizes the day of the Resurrection of Christ, which, according to the Hebrew calendar account, was the eighth day, and the coming Kingdom of Heaven - the Kingdom of the "eighth century" (or "eighth kingdom"), which will come after the Second Coming of Christ - after the end earth history associated with the apocalyptic number 7.

The square expresses the firmness and constancy of faith and is a cosmic symbol of the Universe: its four equal sides mean the four cardinal points, the four winds of the Universe, the four ends of the cross, the four canonical Gospels, the four evangelist apostles, the four equilateral walls of Heavenly Jerusalem. The combined squares symbolize the preaching of the Gospels to the four corners of the world, that is, to the whole world.

The eight-pointed star is a reminder of Star of Bethlehem, who showed the magi the way to the baby Christ, the Savior of the world, - symbolizes the entire Christian Church as a guiding star in a person's life to Heavenly Jerusalem. The eight-pointed star is also a symbol Holy Mother of God- The Lady of the Church and the Queen of Heaven: in Orthodox iconography, the Mother of God is depicted in a maphoria (veil) with three eight-pointed stars on her shoulders and forehead as a sign of Her Eternal Virginity - before, during and after the Nativity of Christ.

All these symbols express the eschatological idea underlying architectural cathedral- the main temple of the Third Rome. The throne in honor of the Intercession of the Virgin is located in the central tent temple, which unites the rest of the chapters, as if gathering them around itself. This symbolizes the primacy, patronage and intercession of the Mother of God over the Church of Christ and over the entire Russian land. The tent in Russian temple building symbolizes the canopy, which from ancient times was erected over sacred place as a sign of his God-protection and holiness. A well-known ancient example dates back to the Old Testament history, when over the throne of King Solomon there was a canopy (canopy) made of ivory and gold. In ancient christian church under the shade the Eucharist was celebrated.

Thrones in three churches on the main axis "West-East" were consecrated sequentially: in honor of the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem (the chapter closest to the Spassky Gates of the Kremlin), the Intercession of the Mother of God (the central tent) and the Holy Trinity in the eastern chapter of the cathedral, that is, in the most important parts of it, because in Orthodox churches altars are oriented to the east. The well-known scientist M.P. Kudryavtsev, whose unique theory of urban planning of medieval Moscow is recognized by Orthodox Muscovites, believed that it was the Trinity Church-chapel that was the main one in the ideological composition of the cathedral. In the 16th century, the entire cathedral was called Trinity Cathedral, and the adjoining Torgovaya Square, later called Red Square, was named after it. Old Russian meant "beautiful".

In the composition of the Intercession Cathedral, one can trace the development of a deep plot along this axis: from the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem, where He performed His redemptive Feat to the Church founded by Him, which, under the Protection of the Mother of God, stands before the Throne of the Holy Trinity, and only through the Church of Christ is the way to the Kingdom open. Holy Trinity - to Heavenly Jerusalem.

Initially, the Pokrovsky Cathedral was crowned with 25 domes: 9 main and 16 small ones, located around the central tent, aisles and bell tower. Its color was also different from the modern one: it was red and white with golden onion domes. This was a symbolic expression of the apocalyptic image of the Heavenly Throne, surrounded by 24 elders with golden crowns on their heads and dressed in white clothes. There is a version that it also symbolized 13 kontakions and 12 ikos of the Praise of the Mother of God - the statutory akathist, which was read during Great Lent to the glory of the Mother of God. The internal bypass gallery of the cathedral, painted with a bizarre floral ornament similar to the Garden of Eden, in plan is a twelve-pointed cross, which corresponds to 12 gates in the walls of Heavenly Jerusalem.

With all the splendor of its external appearance, the Cathedral of the Intercession is quite small inside. During the service there could fit a few people. When divine services were performed on Red Square during major church holidays, it was completely filled with people, the clergy occupied the Lobnoye Mesto, where an lectern was placed, and the Pokrovsky Cathedral became the altar of a huge open-air Temple. The ideological composition of Red Square, where the Church of the Intercession dominates, is a solution to the most difficult problem - creating an image Temple Not Made by Hands City of God in an earthly city (there is no temple in Heavenly Jerusalem, but “there is only His Throne”). Red Square is such a Temple, where St. Basil's Cathedral is the altar, the throne and the canopy above the altar, the pulpit is the Execution Ground, the naos is the very space of the square, the entrance is the Resurrection Gates, and the role of the dome was played by the open sky.

In favor of this theory, proposed by M.P. Kudryavtsev, is also evidenced by the pre-Petrine custom of celebrating the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem ( Palm Sunday). Praying Moscow people gathered on Red Square, and there from the Assumption Cathedral through the Spassky Gates they went procession. A service was held in the Intercession Church, and the procession returned to the Kremlin. The patriarch rode ahead of the procession on a white horse, which was led by the king himself by the bridle - in remembrance of the Lord's Entry into Jerusalem. The square really turned into a huge praying Temple, and its ideological composition developed from the entrance through the Resurrection Gates (since the 17th century, past the chapel of the Iberian Mother of God - the Goalkeeper and Intercessor) through the Kazan Cathedral - the image of the Militant Church to the Execution Ground - the Moscow symbol of Golgotha, and from there rushed to the Intercession Cathedral - to Heavenly Jerusalem.

This temple was the main symbol not only on Red Square, but throughout Moscow, being the geometric center of its urban planning ensemble. Its forty-six-meter tent was the highest in the medieval capital until the end of the 16th century, when Boris Godunov completed the bell tower of the Kremlin church of John of the Ladder to 81 meters, and Ivan the Great appeared in Moscow.

In 1737, the Intercession Church was badly damaged by fire and was restored, and the thrones of fifteen churches from Red Square were transferred under its vaults. Then the throne in the name of the three Sts. Patriarchs of Constantinople was reconsecrated in the name of John the Merciful, and the throne of Cyprian and Justinia - in the name of St. Adrian and Natalia. In total, there were 11 thrones in the cathedral, including the throne of Alexander Svirsky. In the second half of the 18th century, under Catherine II, the cathedral was reconstructed: 16 small domes around the towers were demolished, retaining the octal symbolism at the base, and the hipped bell tower was connected to the cathedral building. At the same time, the cathedral acquired a modern multi-colored color and became a real Moscow miracle.

The temple was preserved by a special Providence of God - more than once it found itself on the verge of death and each time remained intact. According to legend, Napoleon wanted to transfer the Moscow miracle to Paris, and for now the horses of the French army were placed in the temple. The technology of that time turned out to be powerless before this task, and then, before the retreat of the French army, he ordered the temple to be blown up along with the Kremlin. Muscovites tried to put out the lit fuses, and a sudden pouring rain helped stop the explosion.

In the 19th century, after Neglinka was closed in a pipe, a fence of the Intercession Church was made from an openwork cast-iron lattice from its embankment.

After the revolution, the temple almost became a victim of Bolshevik lawlessness. In September 1918, the authorities shot the rector of the cathedral, Archpriest John Vostorgov, the property of the temple was confiscated, all the bells of its belfry were melted down, and the temple itself was closed, but not demolished. In 1936, Lazar Kaganovich suggested demolishing the Cathedral of the Intercession to make room for festive demonstrations and car traffic on Red Square. There is a legend that he made a special model of Red Square with a removable Intercession Church and brought it to Stalin, showing how the cathedral interfered with demonstrations and cars. “And if it were - r-time! ..” - and with these words he jerked the temple off the square. Stalin looked, thought, and slowly uttered the famous phrase: “Lazar! Put it in its place!”

The demolition of the temple was stopped first of all by the personal courage of the architect P.D. Baranovsky, a martyr and ascetic of Russian culture. When he was ordered to prepare the temple for demolition, he flatly refused and threatened to commit suicide, and then sent a very sharp telegram upstairs. There were rumors that allegedly Baranovsky, invited to the Kremlin on this issue, knelt before the assembled Central Committee, begging not to destroy the temple, and this had an effect. Something really stopped Stalin - the decision to demolish it was canceled, and Baranovsky paid with several years in prison.

A museum was opened in the Pokrovsky Cathedral and they began to lead excursions. In the 70s, during the restoration, a spiral wooden staircase was found in the wall. Visitors to the museum now get through it to the central temple, where they can see a magnificent tent soaring into the sky, a valuable iconostasis and walk through the narrow labyrinth of the inner gallery, completely painted with marvelous patterns.

In November 1990, the first all-night vigil and liturgy were held in the temple, and its bells rang at the consecration of the Kazan Cathedral. AT patronal feast Intercession On October 13–14, a service is performed here. An amazing impression from the candles burning in it, so unusual for us, who remember only a museum in this famous temple from childhood ...

From the editors of the Russian Chronicle: the author Mikhail Yuryevich Kesler is an architect, chief specialist of the Architectural and Art Center of the Moscow Patriarchate ("Arkhkram"), a prominent scholar in the field of temple construction. In the Union of Architects of Russia, he is the chairman of the commission on the architecture of religious buildings, represents Russia in the program of the International Union of Architects "Places of Cult", within which he initiated the creation of the Brotherhood of Orthodox Architects, and also held a number of international conferences and training seminars for temple architects. M. Kesler— regular participant of Christmas Readings; leads the column "Restoration, construction and preservation of the temple" of the Orthodox economic bulletin "Prihod", published over 50 articles on issues of temple architecture. Has five children, who are also involved in the revival of the traditions of Russian temple architecture.

We present an article by Mikhail Yurievich, which gives a historical overview of the construction of temples-monuments to the defenders of our Fatherland. We have added illustrations of the described temples and monuments to the article. Unfortunately, many temples were barbarously destroyed in Soviet period and only now, with varying degrees of success, are being restored.

The history of our Fatherland, replete with wars for its independence, is inextricably linked with the history of temple building, as monumental temples, chapels, commemorative signs and entire complexes were traditionally built in memory of the defenders of the Motherland.

AT Ancient Russia temples dedicated to the memory of the soldiers who fell for the Fatherland practically did not differ from other temples being built at the same time. Their memoriality consisted, as a rule, in the dedication of thrones in honor of those saints or holidays, on the day of the celebration of which the battle fell, which determined the outcome of the battle. Starting from the 18th century, in addition to the dedication of the thrones of memorial churches, the memory of the military feat of the defenders of the Fatherland was fixed visually, by pictorial means.

One of the first memorial churches in Ancient Russia was Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, built in 1165 by the holy prince Andrei Bogolyubsky in memory of the victory over the Volga Bulgars and in honor of his son, Izyaslav, who was killed in the battle.

In 1380, after the victory over the Tatars on the Kulikovo field, Prince Dmitry Donskoy was built in Moscow in memory of the fallen soldiers. temple in the name of All Saints "what is on Kulishki".

In honor of the victory over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava and in memory of the fallen soldiers in St. Petersburg in 1709, a sampson church. Memorial plaques dedicated to the heroes of the Poltava battle were installed on the side walls of the lower tier of the bell tower. On the western wall of the main aisle of the temple, a historical painting was made, connected with the plot of the Battle of Poltava. At the cemetery located next to the church, dead soldiers, veterans of the Peter's army were buried.

The first St. Sampson Church was timbered. How it looked in 1714, gives an idea of ​​the layout (photo: Yuri Goncharenko)

Sampson Cathedral, modern view.

The first cast-iron memorial plaque of St. Sampson Cathedral

Monument to Peter the Great near the Samson Cathedral

In honor of the victory of the Russian fleet at Gangut (1714) and Grengam (1720), a Panteleimon Church (1735-1739).

St. Petersburg. Panteleimon Church

Commemorative plaques are installed on the facades in memory of the heroic defenders of the Khanko (Gangut) peninsula.

Memorial plaque on the facade of the building of the Panteleimon Church in St. Petersburg

Monument to Russian sailors, who died during the Russian-Swedish war of 1789-1790, was installed in 1988 in Finland on the island of Kuusinen on a ridge of rocks descending to the Rochensalm raid, where in 1789 the Russian fleet defeated the Swedes, and a year later was defeated by them. The monument is a gift from Russia to Finland.

Monument to Russian sailors (figure of a mourning woman, hands with wreaths outstretched to the sea), who died during the Russian-Swedish war of 1789-1790, by Mikhail Anikushin (photo)

The idea to erect a monument in honor of the Russians who died in both battles arose back in 1975, when the remains of sailors from the ship "Saint Nicholas" were removed from the bottom of the sea and buried in Kotka, near the walls of the Orthodox Nicholas Church.

Near the Temple, on the altar side, an old cemetery has been preserved, where the remains of Russian sailors of the frigate "Nikolai", who died in battle in 1790, are buried. It is worth noting that, through the efforts of the Finns, the remains of the sailors were reburied at this cemetery in 1975, and the top leadership of Finland was present at the ceremony (photo).

Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, built in 1736 specifically for the miraculous Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, since 1813 it has become a memorial in memory of the victories over Napoleon.

Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg

It contains the banners and standards of the defeated French armies, the keys to cities and fortresses taken by Russian troops. In 1813, the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops, Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov, was buried in the cathedral.

The grave of M.I. Kutuzov in the Kazan Cathedral

Monuments to M.I. Kutuzov and M.B. Barclay de Tolly were erected in front of the cathedral.

Monument to M.I. Kutuzov

A fragment of the monument to M.B. Barclay de Tolly near the Kazan Cathedral. B.I. Smirnov

Kazan Cathedral. Panorama

In Novocherkassk, on the day the city was founded in 1805, a temple-monument to the Don Cossacks.

Novocherkassk. Holy Ascension Military Cathedral. May 18 (30), 1805 the celebration of the consecration of the place and laying the foundation of the city of Novocherkassk, as well as a temporary wooden cathedral church in honor of the Ascension of the Lord, took place. The construction of the stone cathedral church was started by the Don troops in October 1811. (a photo)

A special hall was arranged in the choir stalls, painted with scenes from the history of the Don Cossacks, arranged in chronological order.

One of the plots from the history of the Don Cossacks in the Military Temple of Novocherkassk (photo)

In 1911, the remains of the famous Don military leaders of the Battle of Borodino were transferred to the temple.

Platov M.I., Baklanov L.P., Efremov N.G., Orlov-Denisov V.V.

Temple in Novocherkassk. Memorial plaque

M.M. Tuchkova, the widow of General A.A. Tuchkov, who died in the battle of Borodino, a small stone Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands- a mausoleum in memory of the fallen soldiers in the Battle of Borodino.

Church of the Savior miraculous image Spaso-Borodino Monastery, Semenovskoye (Borodino c / o) (photo)

Previously, in front of the entrance to the mausoleum lay pyramids of nuclei. Now there is an obelisk in honor of the 3rd division of Konovnitsyn, erected for the centenary of the Battle of Borodino.

Spaso-Borodino Monastery

Now on the Borodino field around the Spaso-Borodino monastery, the first abbess of which was M.M. Tuchkova, a memorial dedicated to those who died in two Patriotic wars has been organized.

Borodino field. Memorial dedicated to those who died in two Patriotic wars (2010)

Cemetery became a monument to the heroes of the Battle of Borodino Church in the name of Saint Elizabeth at the Dorogomilovsky cemetery in Moscow, when in 1839 a chapel was added to it in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, since the battle took place on the day of the celebration of the Vladimir Icon.

Church of St. Elizabeth at the Dorogomilovsky cemetery in Moscow. Dorogomilovskoye cemetery was located on the territory between Mozhayskoe highway (now— Kutuzovsky Prospekt) and the Moskva River. Burials continued there until the 1930s. In 1948, the cemetery was closed, the church of St. Elizabeth, which was located there, and all burials were destroyed, the territory was built up with residential buildings. The Jewish cemetery adjoining Dorogomilovsky and being a significant part of it was also destroyed. The graves, which were valuable for the state, were transferred to the Novodevichy and Vagankovskoye cemeteries. We believe the photo was taken between 1945-1950 (shooting direction is west) (photo)

At the cemetery there was a monument over the grave of 300 soldiers who fell in the Battle of Borodino. The cemetery was destroyed during the construction of Kutuzovsky Prospekt in the 1950s.

To perpetuate the memory of the historic victory in the war of 1812 in Moscow, by decree of Emperor Alexander II, a Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The temple was built in 1839-1883 according to the project of the architect K. Ton in the Russian-Byzantine style.

Archival photo, the original view of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, blown up in 1931

For the first time in the temple, a combination of liturgical and historical, museum purposes was used. So, in the bypass gallery on the walls there are boards with the names of the main events of the war of 1812, reliefs depicting the main moments of the war, boards with the texts of the most important documents and the names of the dead, wounded, awarded in battles. As conceived by the author of the project, trophy banners, the keys of cities that surrendered to the Russian army and other relics were to be placed here. The temple, blown up in 1931, was restored in 1995-2000.

Restored Cathedral of Christ the Savior

Cathedral of Christ the Savior (view from the banks of the Moscow River)

To the 100th anniversary of the victory over the French in memory of Russian soldiers who fell on the battlefield near Leipzig in 1813, a temple-monument, in the lower church of which boards with the names of the dead grenadiers are placed on the walls.

St. Alexis Church-monument of Russian Glory in Leipzig

Memorial plaque from the Memorial Temple in Leipzig (photo)

In 1902, at the initiative of the Russian military attache in Holland and Belgium, Lieutenant Colonel de Muller, a marble Cross was erected in Bergen in memory of Russian soldiers who died in 1799 in battles with the French. Since 1999, the Russian embassy has held an annual flower-laying ceremony at the monument.

Cross in memory of Russian soldiers who died in 1799 in battles with the French in Bergen, Rosenweg (Russian) street (photo)

The monument to Russian soldiers who fell in 1814 in the battle of Morman (France) was built in 1999.

France. Morman. Monument to Russian soldiers who fell in 1814 (photo)

After the Crimean War of 1853-1856 in Sevastopol, by order of Emperor Alexander II, two memorial churches were built as part of the memorial complex "Fraternal Cemetery to the Defenders of the Defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855." and the Museum of the Defense of Sevastopol, created on the initiative of a participant in the battle on the Malakhov Kurgan - P.V. Alabin.

St. Vladimir's Cathedral called the "Cathedral of Admirals".

Sevastopol. St. Vladimir's Cathedral—tomb of admirals (photo)

Admirals Lazarev, Kornilov, Nakhimov, Istomin, Shestakov, Karpov, Pereleshin are buried in it. Marble plaques are embedded in the outer walls of the temple, indicating that these admirals are buried here. Inside the upper church, the names of all naval officers who fell during the defense of Sevastopol are carved on marble plaques.

Another Church-monument dedicated to St. Nicholas- the patron saint of sailors.

St. Nicholas Church (Sevastopol)

In front of the entrance to the temple, built in the form of a pyramid, the names of all the units that participated in the defense of Sevastopol, the time of participation and the losses incurred are carved on the stone on the side ledges, and 7 fortress guns are installed in front of the temple. In the interior of the temple, on 38 black marble boards, the killed generals, admirals, headquarters and chief officers of 943 people are named. The complex includes an extensive underground system of passages from St. Nicholas to Vladimir temple under the bottom of the Sevastopol Bay, of defensive importance, built by the architect A.A. Avdeev at the behest of Emperor Alexander II.

In memory of 36 thousand soldiers of the Russian army during the Crimean War (1853-1856) who died from wounds and illnesses, on the initiative of Empress Maria Alexandrovna and Emperor Alexander ΙΙΙ in Simferopol, a Chapel of Saint Mary Magdalene and an obelisk was erected near the chapel in 1887. By the 30s of the last century, the necropolis was actually destroyed. After the Great Patriotic War, the DOSAAF motordrome track was located here.

The restoration of the cemetery of Russian soldiers, in which Ukraine and Russia took part, began in 1994. By the Day of Remembrance of the Soldiers Who Died in the Crimean War of 1853-1856 (September 9, 2004), the memorial complex, including the church of St. Mary Magdalene, was completely restored and transferred to the Simferopol and Crimean diocese of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.

Restored chapel of St. Magdalene. On the Petrovsky Heights, the fraternal cemetery of Russian soldiers from the time of the Crimean War has been restored and is open to the public! On the topographic survey of Simferopol in the 70s, this cemetery is not indicated at all. But in 2004 it was restored, ennobled and built a memorial church, the chapel of St. Mary Magdalene. And a memorial sign from the residents of Simferopol (photo)

In 2004, the Republican Committee for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, as part of the anniversary events, installed five memorial plaques (four in Simferopol, one in the village of Kashtanov, Simferopol District). All of them are dedicated to hospitals in which soldiers of the Russian army were treated during the Crimean War.

Dedicated to the memory of the fallen soldiers in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 chapel in the name of the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky, built in 1883 in Moscow on Manezhnaya (former Moiseevskaya) Square.

Left— corner of the National Hotel, perhaps the only anchor connecting this view with current situation. In the foreground— the chapel of Alexander Nevsky in memory of the victories of Russian weapons in the Russian-Turkish war, then the Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa church in Okhotny Ryad (17-18 centuries). 1910s (photo from the collection of Gauthier-Dufayer)

The chapel was made in the form of a cast-iron pyramid, decorated with images of military armor and topped with a cross. On both sides stood stone pillars with double-headed eagles. Inside the chapel was placed the image of the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky - the patron saint of the army. The income from the chapel went to the maintenance of the shelter of the crippled soldiers, located in All Saints. The chapel was destroyed in 1922, but today the question of its reconstruction is being raised.

Church of St. Nicholas the Wet, restored in its historical place. In the background: the restored Chapel of Alexander Nevsky, which was previously located on Manezhnaya Square (photo)

Dedicated to the feat of the Russian soldiers-liberators of Bulgaria Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevskyth, built in 1880-1890 in Sofia. On the memorial plates in front of the entrance to the cathedral there is an inscription: "a sign of brotherly love and gratitude to the great Russian people for the liberation of Bulgaria in 1878."

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia

In memory of the fallen soldiers in the Russian-Turkish war, also built monuments in Plovdiv (1881), Sofia (1884), the village of Garmen(Romania, 1888), Temple-monument on Shipka and tomb church in San Stefano near Constantinople.

Plovdiv. Hill of the Liberators. Monument to the heroes of the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878, to the soldiers of General Gurko, who defeated the Turkish army near the city and liberated Plovdiv in 1878.

Plovdiv. Hill of the Liberators. A few meters from the monument to the heroes of the Russian-Turkish war there is a monument to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War— Monument "Alyosha"(a photo)

"Big" Russian monument on Shipka

Freedom Monument. Shipka

Bulgaria. Sofia. doctoral monument. This monument is dedicated to Russian doctors who participated in the Russian-Turkish war and died on the territory of Bulgaria in 1877-1878. The surnames of doctors are written with two initials, the surnames of paramedics with one, and the sisters and orderlies simply by their surnames, without a first name or patronymic. This monument was built by the Italian Luigi Farabosco according to the design of the architect A. I. Tomishko in 1884. The monument is made of granite and sandstone. This is a quadrangular pyramid made of white stone blocks, on which the names of Russian medical officials are written. On top of the four sides are written the names of the Bulgarian settlements where there were many victims: Plevna, Mechka, Plovdiv and Shipka. (a photo)

Burial Church of San Stefano near Constantinople. Near the town of San Stefano, on the site of the former infirmary, and 17 versts from Constantinople, on December 6, 1899, a grandiose temple-tomb for Russian soldiers was opened, built of granite, having more than twenty-two fathoms in height and occupying an area of ​​​​up to twenty square fathoms , in three tiers, with a chapel. The dome resembled St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow. Under the arches of the temple was the tomb of 5,000 Russian officers and lower ranks who fell on the battlefield. On November 14, 1914, at 8:30 pm, three days after the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the Great War, the Russian Memorial-tomb was blown up with a large gathering of the local population. Apparently, the explosion was planned long before that. The historical moment of preparation and the explosion itself was filmed in the first Turkish documentary film, which was shown in Turkey in 2004. After the October Revolution, the Turkish side repeatedly made attempts to rectify the situation. S.Kapustin writes that in subsequent years the Turkish government offered to discuss the issue of the Memorial: first with Frunze, and then with Voroshilov, but there was no answer. Will it be possible to restore this historical monument today? (a photo)

Dedicated to the grenadiers who fell in the battle of Plevna memorial chapel installed in Moscow in 1887. Outside, high reliefs and the words of the Savior are installed on the walls.

Moscow. Chapel-monument to the grenadiers who fell near Plevna (photo)

Inside, the names of 18 officers and 542 soldiers who fell near Plevna and the names of donors for the construction of the monument are engraved on memorial plaques.

For the guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment in Moscow in 1743-1750 was built Church of the Transfiguration.

Moscow church in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord on Preobrazhenskaya Square (photo). The Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow was built in 1768 and became the successor to the wooden church of the time of Peter the Great. Historically, it was the main temple of the Preobrazhensky Regiment - the first regiment of the Russian guard, created by Peter I. Soviet power Church of the Transfiguration remained one of the few functioning churches in Moscow and until 1960 served as the cathedral church of the popular among the people, Metropolitan of Krutitsy and Kolomna Nikolai (Yarushevich). In 1964, the Church of the Transfiguration was closed and prepared for demolition under the pretext of creating conditions for the laying of a subway line. The parishioners of the temple fought desperately for its preservation - they addressed letters to the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Moscow City Council and even tried to build a living ring around the doomed building. On the night of July 17-18, 1964, the church was blown up. In early 2010, work began on the restoration of the temple.

The ancient banners of the regiment were kept in the temple. Near the walls of the temple there was a cemetery of officers of the regiment. There was also the Transfiguration Regiment Church in St. Petersburg. In honor of the victorious end of the Russian-Turkish war in 1829-1830, a fence of captured Turkish cannons connected by chains was built around it, and 12 guns and two unicorns were placed in front of the gate. In 1916, on the eastern side of the temple, it was planned to start building a tomb for the officers of the regiment who fell in the First World War. The temple was blown up in 1964.

Built for the Izmailovsky Regiment in St. Petersburg Trinity Izmailovsky Cathedral (1828-1835).

Petersburg. Trinity Izmailovsky Cathedral

The regiment especially distinguished itself in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, and captured Turkish banners and keys to the captured cities were fixed on the walls of the cathedral, and the names of the fallen officers were engraved on the marble plaques. In 1886, a monument was opened near the cathedral in the form of a column of 108 Turkish cannons with the figure of Glory at the top. On the pedestal there are memorial plaques with a list of battles and regiments that participated in the war.

For military sailors in St. Petersburg was built Nikolsky Cathedral (1753-1762).

Cathedral in the name of St. Nicholas, St. Petersburg (Nicholas Naval Cathedral) (photo)

In 1907, in memory of the sailors who died in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, marble plaques were installed in the southern wall of the cathedral. A granite obelisk was erected in front of the temple in memory of the sailors of the battleship "Emperor Alexander III", who died in the Battle of Tsushima in 1905.

Another temple-monument to the sailors who died in the Russo-Japanese War was built on the banks of the Novo-Admiralteisky Canal in the name of the Honest Trees of the Holy Cross and St. Nicholas the Savior on the Waters (1910-1911). The soldier's St. George's cross was laid in the foundation stone, and the St. Andrew's flag was used as the altar curtain. The names of the dead ships are carved on the inner walls and bearing pillars of the temple. Surviving icons from the lost ships were placed nearby. The dates of their deaths, the number of dead and their names were carved below. The banner of the former Kwantung naval crew was kept in the temple. The temple was connected by a covered gallery with a real museum, where photographs of almost all the dead soldiers and documentary evidence of their exploits and the events of the Russian-Japanese war were collected. After the death of the frigate Pallada in 1914-1915. a marble plaque was placed in the temple in his memory.

Petersburg. Cathedral of Christ the Savior in memory of the Gethsemane struggle (Spas-on-Waters). The temple was built in the likeness of the ancient churches of the XII century. Its creation was the first attempt to scientifically reproduce the architecture of the oldest Russian cathedrals. The new temple, according to the plan of the builders, was supposed to resurrect the traditions of Vladimir-Suzdal architecture of the pre-Mongolian style. Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir was one of the samples for the Spas-na-Vody project. The project also used motifs from the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl River. In 1931, the Oktyabrsky District Council of Leningrad and the Presidium of the Leningrad City Council, on the initiative of the management of the Sudomeh plant and the Inspectorate for Cult Affairs, decided to demolish the memorial church under the pretext of expanding the production facilities of the enterprise. On March 8, 1932, the temple was blown up, despite the thousands of signatures collected. Together with him, the bridge across the Novo-Admiralteisky Canal was destroyed. The rector of the temple, Father Vladimir Rybakov, died from beatings in the prison hospital. Other ministers of the temple were also arrested, the defenders of the temple were sent to camps. Boards with the names of those killed in the Russo-Japanese War, according to one version, were thrown into the Neva. According to another legend, they were scattered around the surrounding streets by a strong explosion, where local residents collected their fragments and hid them in their homes. But some boards, according to eyewitnesses, were removed from their mounts before the explosion and carried away. Among the residents of Leningrad, a legend persisted that meat carcasses were butchered on them in shops near the Big House on Liteiny (the administrative building of the OGPU-NKVD). According to rumors, the stones of the blown up "Tsushima Church" also went to the construction of this house. In the 1970s, the foundation of the temple was partially built up with a production building, a road was laid over the altar of the lower temple (photo)

Chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, 2012 on the site of the restored temple (photo)

Naval Cathedral dedicated to the Russian Navy and its dead members, built in 1903-1913 in Kronstadt.

Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Kronstadt (photo)

As in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, marble slabs are embedded in the walls of the bypass gallery of the cathedral, telling about the events of the naval history of Russia.

Temples-monuments were built in memory of the defenders of the Fatherland not only from external enemies, but also internal ones. So, in memory of the victims of the revolution of 1905 on the Khodynka field in 1907-1909 was built Temple-monument in honor of the Vatopedi Icon of the Mother of God, called "Joy and Consolation".

Church of the Icon of the Mother of God "Joy and Consolation" (photo)

On the inner walls of the temple, on marble boards, 2000 names of the victims of the 1905 revolution are carved.

In memory of those killed in the German war in 1915, a cemetery was built in the Sokol district of Moscow. Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord at the Fraternal Cemetery, founded by the venerable martyr Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fedorovna.

In the 1920s, the cemetery was preserved as a military memorial. Pilots who died during the tests were buried here. Now, on the site of the devastated cemetery, monuments have been erected to Russian soldiers who died for their faith and the Fatherland in different wars.

Modern chapel on the site of the destroyed Temple

The symbolic tombstone "To the soldiers of the Russian army and the troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, who fell in Chechnya for a united and indivisible Russia", erected in June 1995 on the territory of the Fraternal Cemetery, with the participation of representatives of General Lev Rokhlin— moved to the Church of All Saints on the Falcon in 1998.

Orthodox memorial "Reconciliation of the peoples of Russia, Germany, Japan, Austria, Belgium, France, England, USA, China, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Serbia, Hungary, Italy, Finland, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in 2 -x World and Civil Wars", dedicated to the memory of 100 million dead soldiers and civilians, created in 1991-98 by the Public Council and a group of WWII veterans near the Church of All Saints on the Falcon. (a photo)

In 1916, in the Josefov fortress (Czech Republic), a camp for Russian prisoners of war was erected. monument to those who died in captivity.

Archival photo of the monument

The head of Jesus Christ in a crown of thorns is carved in a cement block resembling a rock. The monument is crowned with a cross. In front of the rock is the figure of a crying boyar daughter on her knees, symbolizing Russia. Nearby are figures of a knight with a sword and two children. Above the head of the Savior is the inscription: "There is no greater love, tenderness to lay down one's life for one's friends." An inscription is carved above the children's heads: "May the memory of the Russian soldiers who died for the tsar and the Motherland in the great European war forever be preserved in the hearts of future generations."

Restored monument. On June 7, 2012, a memorial event was held in Jaroměř, Central Bohemian Region, dedicated to the opening of the restored Russian section of the military cemetery from the First World War. In 1914-1918, in the local military fortress Josefov, there was a camp for prisoners of war of the Russian army, through which more than 40 thousand people passed, and one and a half thousand found their last refuge here. Speakers at the opening expressed their gratitude to everyone who helped to recreate the memorial; noted that the ongoing activities both in Russia and in the Czech Republic to restore the graves of Russian soldiers and Czechoslovak legionnaires symbolize the assertion of the historical truth about the close interweaving of the destinies of the two friendly peoples. For many years, the Russian site at the Josefov cemetery was in disrepair. Only the monument “To those who died for the Fatherland”, built in 1916 by the prisoners of war under the guidance of the sculptor (also a prisoner of war) N.A. Sushkin, reminded of its existence. Thanks to the efforts of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Czech Republic, the authorities of the city of Jaroměř and the Central Bohemian region, the Russian section was completely restored, including the names of all 1524 Russian soldiers and non-commissioned officers. The book of the Czech eyewitness of those events, K. Kratsik, “From the life of captured Russians with us”, published in 1930, tells about the history of the Josefov camp. In 2008, at the initiative of organizations of Russian compatriots in the Czech Republic, it was republished with a translation into Russian. (a photo)

In 1935, in Belgrade (Serbia), at the expense of Russians living in Yugoslavia, a a monument-chapel dedicated to the memory of Russian soldiers and officers who died in battles on the Thessaloniki front during the first world war.

On the pedestal is the five-meter Archangel Michael, the patron saint of the army. Only twenty years have passed between the world wars, and people have already died for completely different ideals. (a photo)

The monument-chapel is an artillery shell crowned with a winged angel with a sword, below is the coat of arms of the Russian Empire. At the foot - a Russian officer, who has unsheathed his saber, is protecting a white banner. The date "1914" and the inscription: "To Emperor Nicholas II and 2,000,000 Russian soldiers who gave their lives for the freedom of Serbia" are engraved on the pedestal.

Second World War claimed more than 20 million lives of the people of the multinational Soviet Union. In memory of the soldiers who defended the independence of the Motherland 60 years ago and defeated the terrible enemy at the cost of incredible sacrifices and exploits, many Orthodox churches, chapels, commemorative signs and entire memorial complexes. Let's name just a few of them.

The memorial complex "Brest Hero Fortress", opened in 1971 on the territory of the Brest Fortress, included St. Nicholas Church, transferred in 1994 to the Brest-Kobrin diocesan administration. Every year on June 22, it serves a liturgy for the slain on this earth.

St. Nicholas Church destroyed in the war

The restored temple of the Brest Hero Fortress

On the site of the tank battle on the Prokhorovsky field in 1992-1995, the memorial complex "Kursk Bulge" was built with Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul and church belfry in the name of St. George the Victorious.

Temple complex on the Kursk Bulge in the village of Prokhorovka (photo)

7,000 names of fallen soldiers are carved on marble slabs inside the Peter and Paul Church.

The memorial complex on Mamaev Kurgan in Volgograd includes Church of All Saints, in the stylobate part of which there will be an exposition of a memorial purpose.

Temple in the name of All Saints on Mamaev Kurgan in Volgograd

In memory of all those who died during the Great Patriotic War, Temples-monuments in the name of the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious in St. Petersburg in 1995 and in 1993-1995 in Moscow on Poklonnaya Hill. In Victory Park on Poklonnaya Hill, a memorial Cross was erected as part of the memorial complex.

Petersburg, Kupchino. Church of St. George the Victorious and a monument to those who died in Afghanistan (photo)

Church of the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious on Poklonnaya Hill

In addition to these well-known memorials, in memory of the inhabitants of small towns and villages who died in recent wars, small memorial churches and memorial chapels are also being built. Such Temple-monument in the name of the Holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica in the village of Snegiri near Moscow.

Chapel-monument of Dmitry Thessalonica in Bullfinches arch. A.A. Anisimova (photo)

A white-stone plaque with a commemorative inscription is built into the outer wall of the temple.

In the city of Balashikha, Moscow Region, a Temple-monument in the name of the Holy Right-Believing Prince Alexander Nevsky. Laconic appearance the temple with narrow loophole windows and a helmet-shaped dome is the best match for its dedication. A memorial stone with an inscription about the dedication to the dead residents of the city was placed in front of the temple.

Church of Alexander Nevsky in Balashikha

On the eve of the 60th anniversary of the Victory in the capital of Kalmykia, Elista, temple-monument in the name St. Sergius Radonezh in memory of the Kalmyk soldiers who died for the Fatherland in all wars, starting from the war of 1812. Inside the temple on the walls are lists of Kalmyk warriors who participated in the war of 1812 and other wars.

Temple in the name of St. Sergius of Radonezh in Elista. Kalmykia

In 2004, in the memorial complex of the Long-Range Aviation of the Russian Air Force in Moscow, on the initiative and at the expense of the personnel of the Commander's Office, a chapel-monument in the name of St. Elijah the Prophet in memory of the fallen pilots who defended the Fatherland. The memorial complex, in addition to the chapel, includes a memorial hall and a museum of management of the Long-Range Aviation Commander. There is a "Book of Memory" of Long-Range Aviation with the names of soldiers who died in the line of duty, starting in 1914. The holy prophet Elijah is the heavenly patron of aviators. According to legend, alive in the flesh, he was taken by God to heaven. This miraculous ascent of the prophet Elijah to heaven took place on a fiery chariot, which has a special symbolic meaning for the aviators.

Moscow. Headquarters of Long-Range Aviation of the Russian Air Force. Chapel of Elijah the Prophet

After the Afghan and two Chechen wars, our Fatherland lost many soldiers, the memory of which has yet to be traditionally captured in the construction of memorial temples-monuments. One of them became memorial in the church in the name of St. George the Victorious in Vologda, consisting of 12 marble slabs with 176 names of the dead Vologda residents on the territory of the Chechen Republic and the Republic of Afghanistan.

Vologda. Military temple of Alexander Nevsky on the Kremlin square. In the temple there is a memorial complex in memory of those who died in the Chechen and Afghan wars.

The temple will be erected in memory of the defenders of the country who died during the Great Patriotic War. The layout of the building was presented at the Army Forum this year. It will be made in the traditional Russian-Byzantine style and will be able to accommodate up to six thousand people. Money is collected by the whole world, a charitable foundation has been created.

It has long been customary in Russia to build such monuments with donations. What other temples were built at the expense of the people?

The Cathedral of Christ the Savior was erected in the 19th century in honor of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. It was built for about 50 years. Money from personal funds was allocated, including the Bagration family, Denis Davydov, Ataman Platov. There were a lot of donations from ordinary soldiers, veterans of the Patriotic War, as well as private individuals, merchants and patrons. On the walls of the temple were placed boards with the names of the fallen soldiers, with the names of the main battles of the war of 1812. At the end of the 20th century, the temple was also recreated with donations from the Russians.

The Naval Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Kronstadt is the main temple of the Russian Navy, as well as a monument to all sailors who died in the line of duty. The collection of donations began in 1897. The main amount was collected by the sailors, who deducted part of their salary for construction. In 1913, the Naval Cathedral was consecrated in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker, the patron saint of sailors and all travelers.

Vladimir Cathedral in Sevastopol became a monument to the heroes of the first defense of the city. All-Russian subscription to raise funds began in 1829. Donations - from one penny to very large sums. During the Crimean War, the still unfinished cathedral became the tomb of the outstanding admirals of the Russian fleet - Kornilov, Istomin, Nakhimov. The construction of the cathedral was completed in 1888. There are no murals in the upper temple; instead, marble slabs with the names of the heroes of the Crimean War are installed.

St. Sampson Cathedral in St. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great in honor of the victory near Poltava in 1709. This is one of the oldest cathedrals in the city and the first temple-monument in honor of the victory of Russian weapons. In 1710, a small wooden church was consecrated, which was later rebuilt into a cathedral. Built with donations.

The Church of All Saints on the Mamaev Kurgan in Volgograd has become a symbol of religious and military feat on the front of the Great Patriotic War. On May 9, 2005, the temple was opened and consecrated. It was built on donations, large Russian companies allocated significant amounts.

In 1561, one of the most famous churches in Russia, the Intercession Cathedral, or, as it is called otherwise, St. Basil's Cathedral, was consecrated. Portal "Culture.RF" remembered Interesting Facts from the history of its creation.

Temple-monument

The Intercession Cathedral is not just a church, but a memorial temple erected in honor of the accession of the Kazan Khanate to the Russian state. The main battle, in which the Russian troops won, took place on the day of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos. And the temple was consecrated in honor of this Christian holiday. The cathedral consists of separate churches, each of which is also consecrated in honor of the holidays in which the decisive battles for Kazan took place - the Trinity, the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem and others.

Massive construction in record time

Initially, a wooden Trinity Church stood on the site of the cathedral. Temples were built around it during campaigns against Kazan - they celebrated the resounding victories of the Russian army. When Kazan finally fell, Metropolitan Macarius suggested that Ivan the Terrible rebuild architectural ensemble in stone. He wanted to surround the central temple with seven churches, but for the sake of symmetry, the number was increased to eight. So, on the same foundation, 9 independent churches and a belfry were built, they were connected by vaulted passages. Outside, the churches were surrounded by an open gallery, which was called the abyss - it was a kind of church porch. Each temple was crowned with its own dome with a unique pattern and original drum decoration. A grandiose building for those times, 65 meters high, was built in just six years - from 1555 to 1561. Until 1600 it was the tallest building in Moscow.

Temple in honor of the soothsayer

Although the official name of the cathedral is the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat, everyone knows it as St. Basil's Cathedral. According to legend, the famous Moscow miracle worker collected money for the construction of the temple, and then was buried near its walls. Holy fool Basil the Blessed walked the streets of Moscow barefoot, almost without clothes for almost the entire year, preaching mercy and helping others. There were legends about his prophetic gift: they say he predicted the Moscow fire of 1547. The son of Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor Ivanovich, ordered the construction of a church dedicated to St. Basil the Blessed. It became part of the Intercession Cathedral. The church was the only temple that always worked - all year round, day and night. Later, according to its name, parishioners began to call the cathedral St. Basil's Cathedral.

Louis Bichebois. Lithograph "St. Basil's Church"

Vitaly Grafov. Moscow miracle worker Blessed Basil. 2005

The royal treasury and the lectern at the Execution Ground

There are no basements in the cathedral. Instead, they built a common base - a vaulted basement without supporting pillars. It was ventilated through special narrow holes - vents. Initially, the premises were used as a warehouse - the royal treasury and the values ​​of some wealthy Moscow families were stored there. Later, a narrow entrance to the basement was laid - it was found only during the restoration of the 1930s.

Despite its colossal external dimensions, the Intercession Cathedral is quite small inside. Perhaps because it was originally built as a memorial monument. In winter, the cathedral was completely closed, as it was not heated. When services began to be held in the temple, especially on large church holidays there were very few people inside. Then the lectern was transferred to the Execution Ground, and the cathedral seemed to serve as a huge altar.

Russian architect or European master

It is still not known for certain who built St. Basil's Cathedral. Researchers have several options. One of them - the cathedral was erected by the ancient Russian architects Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Barma. According to another version, Yakovlev and Barma were actually one person. The third option says that a foreign architect became the author of the cathedral. After all, the composition of St. Basil's Cathedral has no analogies in ancient Russian architecture, but in Western European art you can find prototypes of the building.

Whoever the architect was, there are sad legends about his future fate. According to them, when Ivan the Terrible saw the temple, he was struck by its beauty and ordered the architect to be blinded so that he would never repeat his majestic building anywhere. Another legend says that the foreign builder was executed at all - for the same reason.

Iconostasis with inversion

The iconostasis for St. Basil's Cathedral was created in 1895 by architect Andrei Pavlinov. This is the so-called iconostasis with an inversion - it is so large for a small temple that it continues on the side walls. It is decorated vintage icons- Our Lady of Smolensk of the 16th century and the image of St. Basil the Blessed, written in the 18th century.

Also, the temple is decorated with murals - they were created on the walls of the building in different years. Basil the Blessed, the Mother of God are depicted here, the main dome is decorated with the face of the Almighty Savior.

Iconostasis in St. Basil's Cathedral. 2016. Photo: Vladimir d "Ar

"Lazarus, put me in my place!"

The cathedral was almost destroyed several times. During the Patriotic War of 1812, French stables were located here, and after that the temple was completely blown up. Already in Soviet time Stalin's associate Lazar Kaganovich suggested dismantling the cathedral so that there would be more space on Red Square for parades and demonstrations. He even created a layout of the square, and the temple building was easily removed from it. But Stalin, seeing an architectural model, said: “Lazar, put it in its place!”

main temple The Armed Forces of Russia, which is being built on the territory of the Patriot park in Kubinka near Moscow, will embody the memory of the feat accomplished by the people during the Great Patriotic War. This was announced on Tuesday by the chairman of the expert council on church art, architecture and restoration of the Russian Orthodox Church(ROC) Archpriest Leonid (Kalinin) speaking at the opening ceremony of the exhibition "Modern Russian church architecture" in Venice .

Kalinin called the project of the Main Temple of the Russian Armed Forces "the core of the exhibition in Venice", which is held as part of the "Russian Seasons-2018".

"Almost 30 million people died. And we," said the priest, "cannot fail to pay tribute to them. For these deceased, the Church of the Resurrection is a temple of hope. And for us, it is a temple that pays tribute to the memory of all those who suffered in those terrible years from different angles.

The exhibition presents a model of the future Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ - the Main Temple of the Russian Armed Forces, which is being built on the territory of the Patriot Park in Kubinka near Moscow. The terms of construction of the original are kept, it will be erected for the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War with the people's money.

"To date, more than 30,000 donors have contributed to the construction of the temple - both individuals and organizations. This is the center of spirituality. I am sure that the temple - as it looks now - will be built within the specified time frame," said the Chairman of the Board Fund "Resurrection" Alexander Alekseev at the opening of the exhibition in Venice.

HELP "KP"

According to the chief architect, Dmitry Smirnov, the author of the project, the space of the Main Temple of the Russian Armed Forces "will be permeated with symbols associated with the history of the Great Patriotic War." The central drum of the temple with a diameter of 19 meters 45 cm repeats the year of the end of the Great Patriotic War. On the territory of the complex there will be a memory gallery with a length of 1418 steps - according to the number of days and nights of the war, in which 33 million photographs of participants in the Great Patriotic War will be placed using microphotography technology.

The height of the belfry will be 75 meters - in honor of the anniversary of the Victory, for which the consecration of the temple is planned, the height of the small domes will be 14 meters 18 centimeters.

HAVE AN OPINION

Temple and the poor

Vladimir VORSOBIN

The news that the Department of Defense was going to build an almost hundred-meter temple in Patriot Park did not look special at first. A temple is a temple. Albeit in a strange for Orthodoxy (judging by the sketches) military style, but on the other hand - what are the claims to the style? Army temple. I do not agree with those who poisonously ridicule the holy project. ()