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Man has lost his original nature. We cannot say why this happened. Scientists talk about influence research institutes cosmic radiation or radioactivity of radioactive ore deposits, which caused mutations in the mechanism of heredity. A similar regression - the extinction, weakening or loss of some instincts - is not, generally speaking, absolutely unknown to the natural world.

“Partial loss, weakening, insufficiency, damage to communication with the environment (defect in the plan of activity) and with their own kind (defect in the plan of relations) is initial alienation, excluding the primordial human from the natural totality. This collision is deeply tragic. As a tragedy, it is comprehended in the myth of the expulsion of the first people from paradise, and the idea of ​​loss as a plan of activity is metaphorically embodied in the myth (“eating forbidden fruit”), and the plan of relations in the community (“original sin”). “Exiled” from the natural totality, having become a “freedman of nature,” as Herder called man, the primordial man turns out to be a free being, that is, capable of ignoring the “species standards”, transgressing taboos that are immutable for “full-fledged” animals.

Boroday Yu Psychoanalysis and "mass art" // Mass culture: illusions and reality - M, 1975. - P. 167.

(prohibitions) but only negatively free: not having a positive program of existence” 20

Sociality, cultural standards dictate other types of behavior to a person. Instincts in a person are weakened, superseded by purely human needs and motives, in other words, “cultivated”. Is the blunting of instincts really a product of historical development 9 Recent research refutes this conclusion. It turns out that the weak expression of instincts is not at all caused by the development of sociality. There is no direct link here.

Man has always and regardless of culture possessed "muffled" undeveloped instincts. The species as a whole had only the beginnings of an unconscious natural orientation that helps to listen to the voice of the earth. The idea that man is ill-equipped with instincts, that his forms of behavior are painfully arbitrary, has had a tremendous influence on theoretical thought. Philosophical anthropologists of the 20th century drew attention to the well-known "insufficiency" human being, on some features of its biological nature.

For example, A. Gehlen believed that the animal-biological organization of a person contains a certain “unfulfillment”. However, the same Gehlen was far from the idea that a person is doomed on this basis, forced to become a victim of evolution. On the contrary, he argued that man is unable to live according to the ready-made standards of nature, which obliges him to look for other ways of existence.

Compare with Tyutchev"

Others have inherited from nature a prophetic-blind instinct - They smell and hear the waters And in the dark depths of the earth... 21

As for man as a generic being, he was naturally, instinctively deaf and blind. Man, as a biological being, turned out to be doomed to extinction, because

Wilchek V M Decree op - C 13 Tyutchev F Poems - Petrozavodsk, 1983 - C 119

instincts in him were poorly developed even before the advent of social history. Not only as a representative of society, he was sentenced to seek extreme ways to survive. As an animal, he was sentenced to death.

However, nature is able to offer every living species many chances. It turned out that the great man also had such a chance. Not having a clear instinctive program, not knowing how to behave in specific natural conditions for the benefit of himself, a person unconsciously began to look closely at other animals, more firmly rooted in nature. He, as it were, went beyond the species program. This manifested his inherent “speciality”: after all, many other creatures were unable to overcome their own natural limitations and died out.

But in order to imitate animals, some flashes of consciousness are needed. No, not needed at all. The human capacity for imitation is not exceptional. A monkey, a parrot have this gift... But in combination with a weakened instinctive program, the tendency to imitate had far-reaching consequences. It has changed the very way of human existence. Therefore, to reveal the specificity of a person as a living being, it is not human nature in itself that is important, but the forms of its being.

So, man unconsciously imitated animals. This was not inherent in instinct, but turned out to be a saving property. Turning, as it were, into one, then into another creature, as a result, he not only withstood, but gradually developed a certain system of guidelines that were built on top of instincts, supplementing them in their own way. The defect gradually turned into a certain dignity, into an independent and original means of adaptation to the environment.

“A person is doomed,” writes Yu.N. Davydov, “to restore the broken connection with the universe all the time ...” 22 The restoration of this violation is the replacement of instinct by the principle of culture, that is, the orientation towards culturally significant objects. The concept of a symbolic, game adaptation of a person to the natural world was developed

See - Neo-Marxism and problems of the sociology of culture - M., 1978 - S. 338

Tan in the works of E. Cassirer.

Cassirer outlines approaches to a holistic view of human existence as flowing in symbolic forms. He refers to the works of the biologist I. Yukskyl, a consistent supporter of vitalism. The scientist views life as an autonomous entity. Each biological species, Yukskyl developed his concept, lives in a special world. inaccessible to all other species So man comprehended the world according to his own standards.

Yukskyl begins with the study of lower organisms and extends them successively to all forms of organic life. According to him, life is perfect everywhere - it is the same in both small and great. Each organism, the biologist notes, has a system of receptors and a system of effectors. These two systems are in a state of known balance.

Is it possible, asks Cassirer, to apply these principles to the human world 7 Perhaps it is possible to the extent that it remains a biological organism. However, the human world is something qualitatively different, since between the receptor and reflex systems it develops a third system, a special link connecting them, which can be called the symbolic universe. Because of this, a person lives not only in a richer, but also qualitatively different world, in a new dimension of reality.

Animals react directly to an external stimulus, while in humans this response must still be mentally processed. Man no longer lives simply in the physical, but also in the symbolic universe. This is a symbolic world of mythology, language, art and science, which is woven around a person into a strong network. Further progress of culture only strengthens this network.

Cassirer notes the symbolic way of communication with the world in humans, which is different from the sign signaling systems inherent in animals. Signals are part of the physical world, while symbols, being deprived, according to the author, of natural or substantial existence, have primarily functional value. Animals are limited

Cassirer E An essay on man: An introduction to a philosophy of human culture. — New Haven, 1945

world of their sensory perceptions, which reduces their actions to direct reactions to external stimuli. Therefore, animals are not able to form the idea of ​​the possible. On the other hand, for the superhuman intellect or for the divine spirit, as Cassirer notes, there is no difference between reality and possibility, everything mental, by virtue of the very act of thinking, becomes a reality for him, as it is realized in all its possible potencies. And only in the human intellect are there both reality and possibility.

For primitive thinking, Cassirer believes, it is very difficult to distinguish between the spheres of being and meaning, they are constantly mixed, as a result of which the symbol is endowed with magical or physical power. However, during further development culture, the relationship between things and symbols is clarified, just as the relationship between possibility and reality is clarified. On the other hand, whenever there are obstacles in the way of symbolic thinking, the distinction between reality and possibility also ceases to be clearly perceived.

This is where, it turns out, the social program was born "Initially, it was formed from nature itself, from an attempt to survive, imitating animals more rooted in the natural environment. Then a special system began to take shape in a person. He became the creator and creator of symbols. They reflected an attempt to consolidate various standards of behavior prompted by other living beings.

Thus, we have every reason to consider man an "incomplete animal." It was not at all through the inheritance of acquired traits that he broke away from the animal kingdom. For anthropology, the mind and everything that occupies it belongs to the field of “culture.” Culture, however, is not genetically inherited From the logic of the above reasoning, the following follows: the secret of anthropogenesis is rooted in the formation of man as a symbolic animal.

Despite the imposing nature of various naturalistic interpretations, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many philosophers went to great lengths to defend the notion of a "special" human being. They denied the possibility of a total interpretation of man in terms of the empirical sciences. The specifically human often escapes the Scientist paradigm. Even sociology and psychology are not capable, apparently, of giving an ideal image of a person and revealing the problem of anthropogenesis.

In his freedom and spirituality man rises above nature. Man is not just a biological phenomenon. He is a being who, despite all limitations, has a transcendent nature and has an increasing ability to bring nature under human control. The problem of anthropogenesis forces us to go beyond the interpretation of the biological nature of man. It also requires understanding the deep questions of human existence.

Ant: ants are hardworking, sociable, purposeful builders. They symbolize patience, self-sacrifice, planning, faith in the future, completion, accumulation of energy, work, stinginess, foresight, virtue and order. They are associated with Wang-ta Hsien, Demeter and Ceres.

Bat: Bats symbolize rebirth, reincarnation, ritual death, initiation, facing fear, giving up old habits, happiness, luck, health, wealth, long life, peace, unhappiness, anxiety, chaos, incomplete understanding, avoidance of obstacles, transformation and past lives. They are associated with Shou-Hsing and the Underworld.

Bear: bears symbolize healing, divinity, invulnerability, helper spirit, protection, introspection, truth, female receptive energy, prophecy, endurance, harmony, patience, protection, revenge, transformation, intuition, answers from the Dream World, benevolence, strength and courage. They are associated with Artemis, Zeus, Callisto, Dea Artia, Thor, Odin, Freya and Scandinavian goddesses moon and water.

Cat: Cats as protectors. They symbolize strength, cunning, dexterity, isolation, independence and vision of spirits. They are associated with Freya, Artemis, Diana, Liberty, Shasti, Bast and Pasht.

Coyote: coyotes are tricksters who teach you not to be so serious. They symbolize lessons about the self, humor, whimsy, the night, shapeshifting, opportunity, mystery, creativity and experience.

Deer: the deer symbolizes softness, grace, speed, abundance, intuition, introspection, a different way to achieve the goal, the message of the patrons, love, security, tranquility, the sun, fertility and the warrior aspect (male deer). They are associated with Aphrodite, Artemis, Athena, Diana, Elaphaia, Dionysus, Apollo, Lu-Hsing, Cernynnos, Cocidius and Shou-Hsieng.

Dog: Dogs are servants and guards. They symbolize loyalty, friendship, unconditional love, understanding, need for approval, tracking, camaraderie, intuition and truth. They are associated with Gula, Belit-ili, Astarte, Ashtaret, Amenti, Cybele, Artemis, Diana, Hekate, the Celtic Mother Goddesses, Araun, Nodens, Hel, Odin, Saramam, the moon goddesses, Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl.

Fox: foxes are deceivers. They symbolize disguise, observation, adaptability, cunning, family, travel, togetherness, shapeshifting, wisdom and invisibility. They are associated with Enki, Dionysus and Inari.

Frog/Toad: frogs and toads symbolize female energy, fertility, water, new life, new beginning, the secret of creation, cleansing, refreshing, re-filling, dispelling negativity, filling, positive energy, transformation, the beginning of a new cycle, long life, good luck, change of luck, beginning new projects and prosperity. They are a symbol of the Goddess and are associated with the moon. They are associated with Heket, Isis, Hathor, Ch "ing-Wa Sheng, Aphrodite, Sabacius and Ahriman.

Horse: the horse symbolizes strength, the ability to work alone and in a group, speed, endurance, endurance, loyalty, friendship, cooperation, travel, overcoming obstacles, loyalty, independence, caution, unconditional support, selflessness, freedom, strength, poise, compassion and generosity. She is associated with Epona, Kuannon, Anakita, Vesta, Apollo, Mitra, Surya, Odin, Freya, Rhiannon, Leucippe, Velsi and Veles.

Leopard: see panther.

a lion: Lions symbolize royal rights, serenity, family, strength, courage and relaxation. They are strongly associated with the sun and with Ra, Osiris, Sekhmet, Apollo, Durga and the sun deities in general.

Lizard: Lizards symbolize the understanding of dreams, wisdom, luck, facing fear and confrontation, death and rebirth. They are associated with the dream world, Hermes, Serapis, Ahriman and Moco.

Lynx: the lynx is the keeper of secrets. Lynxes symbolize honesty, openness, unquestioning politeness, secrecy, silence, clairvoyance of the secrets of others, suspicion and vigilance. They can help with spiritual skills, especially clairvoyance.

Mouse: the mouse symbolizes silence, mystery, foresight, careful study, attention to detail, order, organization, shyness, stealth, invisibility, trust, innocence, initiative and discovery. Be careful because they may not see the full picture. Mice are associated with Apollo and Zeus.

Panther/leopard: panthers and leopards symbolize the unknown, silence, silence, mystery, night, healing, darkness, hidden truth, fearlessness, speed, perseverance, beauty, cunning and strength. They teach you not to fear the future. They are associated with Dionysus, Pan and Argus.

Mantis: The praying mantis symbolizes strength, adaptability and ease of communication.

Rabbit: Rabbits are deceivers, companions of witches and "guardians of the gates" of the night and a different type of consciousness. Rabbits symbolize fertility, mystery, fear of tragedy, long life, quick thinking, growing intuition, illness and disaster. They cause your mental fears in real life. They teach you to stop thinking “what if…”. They are associated with Eostra, Holda, Andraste, Freya, Hermes, Aphrodite, Eros and Chandra.

Raccoon: Raccoons symbolize ingenuity, adaptability, generosity, concern for others, goodwill, lack of greed, creativity, playfulness, curiosity, new ideas and new jobs or studies. They protect those who cannot protect themselves.

Rat: rats symbolize fertility, wealth, cunning, timidity, avarice, wisdom, ingenuity, caution and foresight. They are associated with Daikoku and Ganesha.

Scorpion: Scorpions symbolize revenge, return negative energy those who sent her and dark magic. They are often considered a sign of evil. They are associated with the South and the Sun, Ishtar, Nanna, Siduri Sabitu, Set, Selket, Isis, Dadofori and Sabacius.

Snake: Serpents symbolize knowledge, change, creation, wisdom, secrets, mystery, reincarnation, immortality, sexuality, reproduction, fire element, duality, solar/lunar, good/evil, healing/poison, life/death/rebirth. They are an early symbol of the Great Mother Earth. They are associated with Isis, Thoth, Apophis, Hermes, Sabacius, Bel, Ra, Ariamnes, Mithra, Kadi, Kadru, Akkadian Ningursag, Atargatis, Syria, Asclepius, Hygiea, Persephone, Apollo, Hero, Athena, Hecate, Gaia, Brownie, Shakti, Anantoi, Suzanu, Uga-Jin, Nu Kua, Fu Xi, Bridget, Quetzalcoatl, Kulkulkan, Soatlikyu, coyolxauhqui, Witzliputzli and Julungghul.

Spider: spiders are weavers and deceivers. They symbolize rock, feminine energy, creative energy, wisdom, creativity, new life, confusion, caution, divine inspiration, the beginning of a project, conception, diligence, warning signals, illusions. They can serve as a sign warning of danger. They are associated with Nith, Ishtar, Atargatis, Athena, Moirai, Norns, Holda, Inktomi, Kokyangwuti, Tsitsicnako and Sussistanako.

Squirrel: Squirrels symbolize meetings, foresight, energy, irrational behavior, storage, gossip, warning, change, discovery, truth, balance and harmony. They are messengers of the Gods and naughty. They warn you to be careful about useless hoarding and teach you to take life lightly.

Tiger: tigers act quickly, they are cunning and invisible. They symbolize fury, royalty, fearlessness, authority, the aspect of the warrior, the absence of delay and willpower. They are associated with Arc, Shiva, Dionysus and Cai Chen.

Toad: see frog.

Turtle: turtles symbolize longevity, strength, endurance, wisdom, patience, the ability to become defensive, goddess energy, landing, shields, betrayal, perseverance and slowing down in order to enjoy life. They are associated with the elements of earth, water and the moon. They are associated with Prajapati, P "an Ku, Pan, Aphrodite, Venus, Hermes and Mercury.

Wolf: wolves symbolize family, learning, cooperation, insight, mystery, strength, leadership, loyalty, freedom, individuality, spiritual energy associated with the moon (hidden wisdom), sharing knowledge and wisdom, cunning, hunting, searching, introspection, listening, magic , dreams. They are associated with the moon and with Wepwawet, Zeus of Lyceum, Apollo, Ares, Mars, Silvanus, Cernannos and Odin.

Dolphin/Porpoise: Dolphins and porpoises are guides to the Lower World and messengers of the world of dreams and progress. They symbolize joy, playfulness, lack of inhibitions, strength, speed, the sea, eloquence, magic (especially water magic), discovery, communication, trust, truth, balance, harmony, breathing, rhythm patterns and relaxation. They are associated with Water and Astarte, Ishtar, Isis, Delphic Apollo and sea deities in general.

Fish: fish symbolize love, fertility, victory over death, healing, prophecy, abundance, prosperity, harmony, regeneration, children, pregnancy and the emergence of love in your life. They are associated with the Moon, Water, Atargatis, Ishtar. Derceto, Isis, Aphrodite, Freya, Venus, Dagon, Poseidon and Kuan Yin.

Otter: otters symbolize playfulness, balanced feminine energy, curiosity, joy for oneself and others, absence of jealousy and envy, absence of anxiety, talent, loyalty, public life and happiness. They are deceivers. They are associated with the elements of Earth and Water and are associated with Cernannos.

Seal: Seals symbolize playfulness, parenthood and protection (especially protection while traveling on water, with a complete change in life, with a divorce or a painful break with a loved one, from gossip and danger).

Whale: whales symbolize elegance, ancient teachings, history, clear hearing, telepathy, spiritual abilities, healing through music and sound, death and rebirth, initiation, waters of life, regeneration, sea, music, longevity, family and friends, learning magic, elemental magic and trust. Whales store knowledge. They are associated with Derceto.

Bee: Bees symbolize hard work, community, concentration, planning and saving, working with the spirits of the dead, prosperity, purity, achieving the so-called impossible, birth, death, resurrection, luck, failure and the wisdom of the Other World. They are associated with Bridget, Ra, Vishnu, Krishna, Indra, Aphrodite, Demeter, Cybele, Artemis, Diana, Rhea, Zeus, Dionysus, Pan and Priapus.

Butterfly: butterflies symbolize joy, freedom, living in one moment, transformation, the cycle of birth-death-rebirth, mental strength, magic, prediction of the life cycle, understanding one's place in the cycle of life, inspiration, immortality, leisure, beauty in old age, longevity, love, happiness, falsehood, vanity and soul. They are associated with the element of Air, Orami and Zochiquetzal.

Crow/Rook: crows and rooks symbolize ingenuity, survival, death, the call to magic and mystery surrounding us, law, the supernatural, the secrets of creation, shapeshifting, change, harmony, justice, integrity, bad omens, audacity, dexterity, cunning, prophecy, eloquence and divination . These are the tricksters associated with Morrigan, Varuna, Rhea Cronius, Apollo, Macha and Babd.

Dragonfly: dragonfly symbolizes illusion, dreams, change, enlightenment, irresponsibility, insecurity, weakness, instability, speed and seeing the truth. They are messengers of the elemental world and gods/goddesses. They are associated with Summer.

Eagle: eagles symbolize nobility, clarity of vision, balance between the world of spirits and everyday life, the ability to rise above everyday life, lightning, rise above the material in search of the spiritual, connection with the world of spirits, timely rain, the spirit of a warrior, fearlessness, sharp eyesight, war, freedom, greatness, authority, strength, victory and courage. They are associated with the divine and with the Sun, as well as with Air, Fire and Spirit. They are associated with Ninurta, Marduk, Ashur, Pan, Zeus, Indra, Vishnu, Mitra and Odin.

Falcon: falcons symbolize freedom, speed of action, foresight, magic, astral travel, clear vision and healing. They help the dying die. They are associated with Horse, Circe, Ra, Mentu, Freya and Odin.

Hawk: hawks are observant and receptive messengers of the spirit world. They symbolize embracing the big picture, using your talents, omens, dreams, courage, protection, wisdom, enlightenment, truth and experience. They are associated with Hors, Ptah, Rehu, Seker, Amenti, Apollo, Artemis, Indra, Ahura Mazda and Mitra.

hummingbird: Hummingbirds symbolize freedom of movement, energy, rejoicing tirelessly and feeding on the nectar of life, completing what is considered impossible, finding joy in life and learning from experience, flowers, love, beauty, art, relaxation and fearlessness. They are associated with Quetzalcoatl and Vitzliputzli.

Owl: owls symbolize wisdom, the ability to see the hidden, mystery, speed, darkness, freedom, dreams, shapeshifting, secrets, omens, clairvoyance, astral projection, magic, deceit, observation, full truth, night, death and failure. They are associated with the Lower World and the Moon. They are associated with the Goddess in general, as well as with Athena, Marie, Lilith, Anath, Gwynn ap Nudd, Blodeuwedd, Yama and Cailleach. Barn Owl: Barn owls see without seeing and hear without hearing; they hear the unspoken and see without physical sight.

Crow: Ravens symbolize magic, inner fears, change in consciousness, healing, getting rid of illness, the unknown, pranks, adaptability, intelligence, ingenuity, death, war, bloodshed, battle, divination and destruction necessary for creation. They are messengers of the spirit world. They are associated with the Old Man, the Sun, Odin, Apollo, Athena, Chronos, Asclepius, Brahma, Morrigan, Babd, Nantosuelta and Lugh.

Swan: swans symbolize grace, healing, altered states, intuition, transformation, transitions, spiritual growth, forebodings, omens, divinity of the spirit, dignity, monogamy, placidity and silence. They are associated with Apollo, Aphrodite, the Muses, Venus, Zeus, Saraswati, Brahma and Devi.

The Dragon: Dragons are teachers, warriors and protectors. They symbolize the Great Mother Goddess, matriarchy, benevolence, divinity, royalty, the supernatural, infinity, change, elemental magic, and spiritual guidance. They are associated with Mitra, Horse, Apollo, Indra, Aruna and Soma. Eastern dragons more serpentine and often mustachioed. They symbolize the power of the ruler, masculinity, yang, prosperity, rain, wisdom and hidden secrets. Western dragons are more reptilian, more massive, and often have large, bat-like wings. They symbolize fire, confrontation, danger and solitude.

Griffin: Griffins are guards. They symbolize spiritual enlightenment, the seasons, the connection between spiritual energy and space forces. They are associated with the Sun, Sky, Earth, Nemesis and Apollo.

Pegasus: pegasi symbolize inspiration, poetry, grace, freedom from earthly worries, the astral level, the transformation of evil into goodness, glory and eloquence. They are associated with Demeter and Osiris.

Phoenix: Phoenix is ​​a symbol of resurrection, rebirth, spiritual growth, strength and energy to overcome life's trials, fire and royal dignity. It is a moon/sun symbol associated with Osiris, Ra and Circe.

Unicorn: Unicorns are a symbol of innocence, goodwill, glory, prosperity, healing, gentleness, purity of mind, personal strength, naivety, joy, life, nature and freedom. They are associated with Artemis, Diana, and moon goddesses in general.

What to watch

"Synonyms" by Nadav Lapid

According to the director, almost everything that happens in the film with Yoav happened to him in one form or another when he came to Paris after the army. Yoav (whose namesake, the biblical Yoav was the commander-in-chief of King David who took Jerusalem) has post-trauma and illusions, based on the myth of the hero Hector, the defender of Troy. Apparently, this is how he imagines himself when he gets a job as a security guard at the Israeli embassy and when he learns French at OFII. But after all, learning to speak the language of great philosophers does not mean parting with one's own identity and becoming French. First you need to take another fortress - yourself.

"Frantz" by François Ozon

In this picture, black and white converge (although by chance, just look, suddenly a colored underwear will peep through), vital and mortal, French and German. The characters switch from one language to another and back, see nature in color from an excess of feelings, see resurrected young men playing the violin from nowhere, and generally feel uncomfortable in this black and white world. The French hate the Germans, and the Germans hate the French, because the action takes place exactly after the First World War. The comfortable world destroyed by the war has displaced the system of tonics and dominants, and Francois Ozon alternately launches into our (e) ears the Marseillaise sung by the folk choir and Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade performed by the orchestra of the Paris Opera. On the territory of painful dissonance, flavored with a tristan chord that cannot be resolved, the heroes of the film are found. That is why the viewer is far from immediately able to unravel the German-French puzzle.

"Paterson" door Jim Jarmusch

In this film, everything is doubled: the poet Paterson and the town of Paterson, the bus driver and Adam Driver, the hairy Iranian Laura and the muse of Petrarch of the same name, the Japanese Yasujiro Ozu and the Japanese Masatoshi Nagase, black and white interiors and black and white cupcakes, twins and poets. Yes, everyone here is a bit of a poet, and there is nothing strange about that. Because Jarmusch is a poet himself, and he composes his films like poetry. Sound pictures, insisted on meditation, on numerous repetitions, on a seemingly routine, but in reality - on the deliberate simplicity of the universe. For any poet, even if he is not a poet, can start everything from scratch.

Scenes from married life

The Gesher Theater together with the Tel Aviv Chamber Theater staged a performance based on the eternal plot of Ingmar Bergman - Scenes from Married Life. In terms of the chemical composition of the blood, this performance is quite similar to Bergman's original; This is probably why the performance of two actors, Itai Tiran and Efrat Ben-Tzur, is so natural. To the point that it is difficult to call it a game, and if so, then a game to the highest perfect degree.
The director of the production, Gilad Kimkhi, not only examines under the microscope the grammar of emotions, the mechanisms of communication between a man and a woman - he, following Bergman, produces an autopsy of modern married life in general. And this life, cramped and stuffy, like someone else's shoe, sucks the viewer into itself. In addition, there is a pebble in the shoe, and this is already a living hell. "Hell is others," said Sartre. “But when others no longer belong to you, hell becomes heaven,” Bergman might say.

Early Shakespeare, or "As You Like It"

The Tel Aviv Chamber Theater plays As You Like It, directed by Udi Ben-Moshe. More precisely, they break a comedy, where intrigues are woven at the court of the deposed duke, and happy and far from politics roam in the reserved forest & practical life wanderers, exiles, philosophizing actors. In the space of the "palace" - cold and darkness, people with the faces of hired killers; in the "forest" space - foliage, and poetry, and sheep with the faces of kind clowns. Video art and selfies, humor of the age of catastrophes and speeds - in Dan Almagor's translation there is a place for today. And this is normal, I think Shakespeare would appreciate it.

Terrible Parents by Jean Cocteau

Unusual for our landscape, director Gadi Roll staged a performance at the Beer Sheva Theater about French people who speak quickly but live vaguely. Problems are eternal, as old as the world: the husband has lost interest in his wife, for a long time and irrevocably, but she does not intend to share her son with some woman, and therefore commits suicide. Jean Cocteau, playwright, poet, esthete, experimenter, was familiar with a similar situation: the mother of his beloved Jean Marais was just as selfish.
The stage designer Kinneret Kish found the right and stylish image of the performance - something between an office, a warehouse, a hotel, a train station; place nowhere. Amir Krief and Shiri Golan, a unique acting duo, who have already created a mood of involvement and depth many times in different material, adequately wins back the troubled tragic farce. Jean Cocteau - in Beersheba.

New fairy tales for adults

Although they stuffed us in childhood with unchildish and by no means innocent tales of Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm, we didn’t know and we didn’t know who created all this. And it all started with the "Tale of Tales" - the pentameron of the Neapolitan poet, writer, soldier and government official Giambattista Basile. It was in this collection that the prototypes of the future textbook fairy-tale heroes first appeared, and it was on these nugget plots that the Italian director Matteo Garrone shot his Scary Tales. True, Jung, Grof and Fraser are noticeably visible under the plot lining, but it catches. Of the actors whom Garrone managed to incite to this adventure, we note Salma Hayek in the role of a childless queen and Vincent Cassel in the role of a king who fell in love with the voice of an old recluse. Of the strangest types, whose portraits would adorn any gallery of the grotesque, is the tyrant king (Toby Jones), who raised a flea to the size of a boar under the bed in his own bedroom. We also note the incredibly beautiful shots from a plastic point of view: the Pole Peter Suszycki acted as a cameraman, who clearly drew inspiration from the illustrations of old fairy tales by Edmund Dulac and Gustave Dore.

What to listen

Kutiman Mix the City

Video archive of the events of the Rubinstein competition

Album of Hanoch Levin's songs

People are extremely talented and clearly stand out among colleagues in show business - Shlomi Shaban and Karolina - united in tandem. And they recorded an album of songs on the verses of Hanoch Levin " Running errands for life". Curiously, Levin's caustic texts suddenly sounded tender and touching. Sadness with a squint, however, has been preserved.

A Biblically Lived Year by A.J. Jacobs

"Suspicious Passengers on Your Night Trains" by Yoko Tawada

Life is a long journey in a car on the bottom shelf.

It is difficult for a crooked person to keep balance. But that doesn't bother you anymore. This is not to say that you do not like to freeze in some position. But what happens next... Here is the Blacksmith forged your pose. Now you have to keep your balance in this precarious position, and he peers at you like a museum visitor at Greek sculpture. Then he starts correcting the position of your legs. It's like a sudden kick. He pesters with his remarks, and your body has already got used to its previous position. There are parts of the body that boil with indignation if they are roughly touched.

"Comedy d" art "Christopher Moore

This time Christopher Moore's muse-muse got hooked on an impressionist theme. In July 1890, Vincent van Gogh went to a cornfield and shot himself in the heart. Here's to you joie de vivre. And all because shortly before that, he became terribly afraid of one of the shades of blue. In order to establish the reasons for what was said, the baker-artist Lucien Lezzard and the bon vivant Toulouse-Lautrec make an odyssey through the bohemian world of Paris at the end of the 19th century.
In the novel Sacré Bleu. Comedy d "art" the author's usual buffoonery, coupled with pseudo-documentary gracefully dissolves in the Sacred Blue, spurred on by Moore's own parting words: "I know what you are thinking now:" Well, thank you very much, Chris, now you have ruined painting for everyone.

"Pfitz" Andrew Crami

The Scotsman Andrew Crami drew on paper the plan of the capital of the imaginary, the greatest city of enlightenment, famously proving that what was written exists even in the absence of a real author. For "language is the most sophisticated of illusions, conversation is the most deceptive form of behavior ... and we ourselves are fabrications, a fleeting thought in a certain brain, a gesture hardly worthy of interpretation." The result was a surreal parable-maze about non-existent cities - more precisely, existing only on paper; about their non-existent inhabitants with non-existent thoughts; about a non-existent mad writer with a pseudo-biography and his existing novels; about non-existent counts, servants and the appearance of communication; about the Grand Duke, who invented all this (he, of course, also does not exist). Recommended for lovers of meditative immersion in nothingness.

Tintin and the Secret of Literature by Tom McCarthy

What is literary fiction and how does art function today, surrounded by a strong media network? This difficult subject explores an essay by a British intellectual writer about a resilient tufted reporter. It appeared, if you remember, already in 1929 - through the efforts of the Belgian artist Erzhe. The unique veil of authenticity around fiction made the comic book series "The Adventures of Tintin" a cult one, and its hero received a residence permit in modern history. So, is this literature? It seems to be, but nothing can be known for sure.

"An incomplete but definitive story..." by Stephen Fry A true heavenly treat - Thai puff pastry pancakes stuffed with banana. The pancake is fried on both sides until golden and placed in warm coconut cream or custard (you can use condensed milk cream). Served piping hot, garnished with ice-cold coconut sorbet on top - yes, served not just anywhere, but in the Tiger Lilly Siamese restaurant in Sarona, Tel Aviv.

Shomloy dumplings

The legendary Shomloi galuska (somlói galuska) is a vintage rum dessert invented, according to legend, by a simple waiter. You can taste it in almost any restaurant in Budapest - if you're lucky. Despite the deceptively simple name, this confectionery delicacy is something extremely complex: dark biscuit, light biscuit, whipped cream, lemon zest, orange zest, custard (vanilla patisserie, mmm), chocolate, berries, nuts, rum ... What no layer - then a hidden meaning. Farewell, waist.

Biscuit paste Lotus with caramel

A classic Belgian delicacy made from incredible biscuits - the standard of all biscuits in the world. A caramel-flavored delicacy should be eaten slowly, with a miniature spoon - because the paste melts in your mouth. It is simply impossible to stop. Regardless of the calories.

Chocolate with wasabi

An exquisite tandem - bitter chocolate and green Japanese seasoning - may seem to someone a combination of incongruous. However, those who tasted this delicacy think differently. Verdict: The right dessert for those who like it hot. And also for those who have recently re-read the book by Joanne Harris and reviewed the film by Gerard Krawczyk.

Cake "Sarkozy"

Like Paris, the dessert named after the French ex-president is clearly worth a mass. That's why they serve it at the Messa restaurant on Tel Aviv's bohemian ha-Arbaa street. Bitter chocolate madness (chocolate, we note, several varieties - and all excellent) makes you believe that Sarkozy will return. Not otherwise.

The point of view that the source of culture is the symbol-producing activity of man, was developed in the writings of the leading representative of the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism E. Cassirer(1874–1945). He considers culture as a process of human self-liberation, during which the latter creates his own symbolic universe: language, myth, art, religion. Why? Cassirer tries to find the answer to this question by comparing the reactions of animals and human responses to external stimuli. Animals react directly to an external stimulus, while in humans this response must still be mentally processed. What is the reason for this difference? If we compare a person with an animal from a biological standpoint, then there is every reason to consider a person an “inferior animal”. This inferiority is manifested in the absence of an instinctive program of behavior that provides the animal with ways to behave and adapt to the environment. Having lost instincts, man partially lost the ability to communicate with the environment and his own kind, which is characteristic of the animal world, and as a biological being was doomed to extinction. However, instincts do not exhaust the ability of animals to adapt to the environment. As the animal organism becomes more complex, only a genetically fixed program of behavior is not enough for it, and nature supplements it with the ability to imitate. With a relatively stable environment, this ability is subordinated to instincts and has no independent significance. For a person, unrestrained by any framework, it becomes that straw that allows him not only to stay afloat, but also to go beyond the specific program. The defect (lack of instincts) gradually turned into dignity, into an independent and original means of adapting to the environment. However, in order to imitate, animals do not need consciousness. How and why does a person acquire it? The fact is, Cassirer believes that imitation enables a person to find and consolidate useful skills, but it does not make it possible to transfer these skills to other generations. In other words, what is acquired through imitation is not genetically transmitted. And a person develops a special means for evaluating and differentiating these skills - consciousness and a special way of their transmission - culture. Culture is thus conceived by Cassirer as symbolic universe in which the person lives. Her world - the world of symbols - differs from the physical world in that symbols are deprived, according to the author, of natural (substantial) being and, first of all, have functional value.

Thus, culture originally arose from nature itself, from an attempt to survive by imitating animals. Then a special system of transferring knowledge and skills began to develop in a person. He became the creator and creator of symbols. They reflected an attempt to consolidate the various standards of behavior developed by man. And Cassirer comes to the conclusion: the secret of cultural genesis is rooted in the formation of man as a symbolic animal.

The considered concepts answer the main questions that arise in connection with understanding the problem of the origin of culture: What is the source of culture? How does culture emerge from these sources? What role does it play in a person's life? Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most developed and convincing, in our opinion, is the symbol-producing version of cultural genesis. It gives an idea of ​​the mystery of anthropogenesis, explains the origin of culture in terms of modern science, and looks quite logical. However, this concept also has its drawback - the question of the transcendental, sacred nature of culture remains aside.

test questions

What are the difficulties of the tool-labor concept of cultural genesis?

Is it possible to explain culture from naturalistic premises?

Is it true that only humans can play?

Why did culture, having arisen from the game, moved away from it?

What explains the emergence of taboos and totems in culture?

How can one reveal the formula “man is a symbolic animal”?

Animals and birds symbolize instinctive life; fertility and abundance; instinctive and emotional impulses that must be curbed before entering into the realm of the spiritual; passive participation and the animal nature of people: "it is impossible to find an animal that would not have at least some resemblance to man."

Animal figurines

The cat (cat) is a symbol of harmony and peace, a talisman guarding the hearth, a female amulet. Independent, graceful and graceful creatures, symbolizing royalty, femininity and longevity, as well as home comfort. Cat figurines - best gift to a housewarming party, and to a house where comfort and peace are needed.
There are a huge number of options for the image of cats.
The traditional Indonesian cat is voluminous on the front side and flat on the back with paws tightly pressed to the body, made in a wide range of colors, sometimes decorated with fabric (batik), shell, rattan liana or twine.
The next type of cat is a cat standing on four legs with its tail up. It is often referred to as the "jeweler" cat, because the long tail is used as a stand-pole for rings. The cat's tail raised up symbolizes optimism and prosperity.
A popular type of cat is the fisher cat. The shape of the souvenir allows you to seat it on the edge of a table, shelf or niche. The cat-fisherman symbolizes the peace, regularity and wisdom inherent in all anglers. The hole for the fishing rod can be used as a stand for incense sticks.
Cats, which are depicted together or in the nth number, symbolize love, friendship and support, a cat with a kitten is a symbol of motherhood and procreation.
Cats can also act as a book clip, CD holder, napkin holder or jewelry box.

The dog is a symbol of true friendship, responsiveness and devotion. It is also a protective talisman for its owner. It personifies fidelity, vigilance, nobility. Dog figurines can act as a stand for rings, a CD rack, an ashtray.

The cow is a symbol of motherhood and fertility, kindness, tranquility and harmony with the outside world.

The pig is a symbol of wealth, fertility and longevity. According to Chinese mythology, the pig is the keeper of good dreams.

The tiger is a symbol of grace, confidence, strength, purposefulness and dexterity. The tiger is characterized by a predatory nature, he is a getter, a winner and a favorite of women.

The lion is a symbol of nobility, royalty, grace, impressiveness, strength and courage. He is a talisman of the powerful of this world, adding to the owner of self-confidence and good luck. It is believed that the lion figurine contributes to the enrichment of the owner and increases his popularity rating.

The elephant is a symbol of wealth, power, strength. This talisman symbolizes invincibility and protection from negative forces. If the composition of elephants is presented in the form of a couple or three, then it implies love, family ties and happiness.
... It has long been believed that the world stands on the powerful bodies of elephants - the strength and impressive appearance of these animals did a good service. An elephant with its trunk raised up is in a fighting position and is a protective talisman for its owners.

The giraffe is a symbol of nobility and dignity (due to its posture), curiosity and foresight (due to its long neck).

The camel is a symbol of endurance, patience, hard work, the ability to overcome obstacles.

The horse is a symbol of efficiency, pride, perseverance in achieving the goal, love of freedom and swiftness.

Zebra is a symbol of life harmony. She received such symbolism due to the special color of the skin: the stripe is white, the stripe is black.

The dragon is an oriental symbol of absolute good luck and happiness. Since the dragon is a fabulous creature, he patronizes dreamers, people with rich inner world and boundless imagination. The dragon sympathizes with the brave.

Mouse, rat - "Buddha's favorite animal." It personifies perseverance, dexterity, thriftiness and longevity. There is a legend about the "palms of the Buddha":
... One day the Buddha decided to endow all animals with certain qualities and
honors. The animals lined up according to height and weight, with the result that the poor little rat ended up last. The rat was upset, but did not despair. The bull was the first in line, bowed to the Buddha, and the cunning rat, without hesitation, grabbed his tail, ran up his back and flopped down to the Buddha right in the palm of his hand. Struck by the dexterity of the rat, the Buddha deified it and singled it out among others, endowing it with the gift of longevity and survival.

The snake - in the East is a symbol of wisdom, beauty and renewal (due to its natural property to shed its skin).

Frog - "Keeper of the Goddess of the Lakes" - a symbol of dexterity, courage and ingenuity. It is a talisman of wealth, longevity and prosperity.

The turtle is a symbol of wisdom, longevity and patience. In ancient times, it was believed that the Earth stands on a turtle, therefore, it is a symbol of strength, perseverance and tolerance. The turtle can be presented in the form of ashtrays, candlesticks, bottle holders or souvenir decorations.

Lizard, monitor lizard - are the guardians hearth and protective talismans for the home. Due to their natural qualities, they personify dexterity, endurance and the ability to adapt to the environment. In Egypt, the lizard represented silence. In Greek symbolism, the lizard meant divine wisdom and good luck.

Fish is a symbol of truth and financial success. Pisces symbolize knowledge and wisdom. Fish figurines (coral fish are especially popular) are very original in terms of the fineness of the carving and the brightness of the color.

Monkey - symbolizes cunning and protection from failure. Three monkeys with covered eyes, ears and mouth mean the following: "I see no evil, I hear no evil, I do not speak of evil," and they are a benevolent and protective symbol. They are the companions of the god Vajrayaksha, whose function was to protect people from spirits, diseases and evil demons.

Bird figurines

Birds are the personification of the flight of the soul, love, happiness, and also inspire development, prosperity and rise above failures. Herons and flamingos are especially popular with carvers of wooden sculpture and are very successful for gifts, as a symbol of the morning dawn, the continuation of life and longevity.

The owl is a symbol of patience, wisdom and longevity. Sometimes they can be presented as book clips.

The duck is a symbol of family happiness, love, fidelity and peace. Mandarin duck (in a hat with sharp spiers) symbolizes wealth, prosperity and well-being.

The rooster is an oriental symbol of beauty and versatile development.

The pelican is a symbol of prosperity, frugality due to its capacious beak.

The heron is a symbol of love and happiness in family life. This symbolism arose thanks to the Chinese legend about the goddess of love and happiness Amaterasu, whose clothes were decorated with images of birds - herons and cranes. The heron is the totem animal of Amaterasu. The bird walks through the swamp with its feet, which symbolizes the everyday life of family life, and wings are given to it for flight - the flight of the soul and heart, therefore, for love.

Bird of Luck - consists of a metal head on a spring and a body made of unpeeled coconut on metal legs with a wire tail. Symbolizes creativity, happiness and good luck.

Toucan is a bird that brings good luck to its owner. Toucans are always depicted
looking left eye (symbol of good luck).

Crane - in China and Japan, the crane symbolizes longevity, wisdom, devotion, honor. According to legend, the cranes gather in a circle to protect their king, while they stand on the ground with one foot and squeeze a stone with the other: if the crane falls asleep, the stone falls and wakes him up - it is because of this that the crane is also considered the personification of vigilance (the episode with the stone goes back to to the works of Aristotle).
In China, the image of a crane flying towards the Sun is a symbol of social aspirations, its snow-white body is purity, its red head is the fire of life.
In Japan, the crane is primarily a symbol of wisdom.
In Egypt, the two-headed crane is a symbol of prosperity.
AT Ancient Greece the cries of the crane during migration heralded the time of spring sowing and the beginning of the harvest.

Cockatoos - parrots have been kept in captivity since ancient times and are highly valued. The pioneers here were probably the ancient Indians, in whose idea every noble person had to teach at least one parrot to speak. Europeans first met parrots in India. The first were the soldiers of Alexander the Great. Birds quickly gained popularity in Greece, and later in Rome. With the onset of the Middle Ages, information about tame parrots in Europe disappears and reappears during the Crusades (11-13 centuries). The amazing ability of parrots to imitate human speech impressed the Western church, and parrots were declared to be closer to God than other animals. With the conquests of the era of geographical discoveries, new types of parrots from the New World appeared. These birds came "into fashion", their stuffed animals were decorated with high hairstyles, lovebirds, as a symbol of fidelity, were certainly given to their beloved. In Russia, in our time, there is a real boom in passion for parrots.
Eagle - in China means the Sun, power, warrior, courage, perseverance, sharp eyesight, fearlessness.