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I love temples, they attract my attention, once, when my husband and I were crossing our country, I clicked on about 30 different churches, temples, monasteries, mosques, etc., but all this is of course not the same, every temple deserves close attention, especially such a beautiful, famous and important as the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ on Blood or the Church of the Savior on Blood in St. Petersburg.

1.

This is a well-known Orthodox memorial single-altar church in the name of the Resurrection of Christ, it was built in memory of the fact that Emperor Alexander II was mortally wounded on this site on March 1, 1881 as a result of an assassination attempt.
By the way, the temple was built as a monument to the Tsar-Martyr with funds collected throughout Russia.
2.

The temple was erected by decree of Emperor Alexander III in 1883-1907 according to the joint project of the architect Alfred Parland and Archimandrite Ignatius, who later abandoned the construction. Construction lasted 24 years. On August 6, 1907, on the day of the Transfiguration, the cathedral was consecrated.

The height of the nine-domed temple is 81 m, the capacity is up to 1600 people. It is a museum and a monument of Russian architecture.
3.

Huge respect to the architects who built this building, it turned out chic and attracts crowds of tourists and connoisseurs of beauty. In addition to faith or its absence.
4.

The architecture of the temple is an example of the late stage of the evolution of the "Russian style". The building is a collective image of a Russian Orthodox church, based on the patterns of Moscow and Yaroslavl of the 16th-17th centuries. The architecture of St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow had a great influence on the appearance of the temple.
5.

The decor of the building used a variety of finishing materials - brick, marble, granite, enamels, gilded copper and mosaics. You can stand and stare for hours...
6.

There are always crowds of people near the temples and, therefore, they are entertained as best they can with souvenirs and beggars, but not classic ones;)
This guy on an interesting musical instrument gave out wonderful sounds, I could not tear myself away.
7.

Chorus girls, we watched them for 20 minutes as they breed guys in the "photo";)
8.

Sad meme..
9.

And there are a lot of souvenirs, the clock is still running, by the way;)
And we had a good walk ;)
10.

Thanks to Sasha

A little about the monuments and temples in honor of Alexander II. The history of the Ryazan temple, founded in honor of the Tsar-Liberator.

130 years ago, Emperor Alexander II (1818-1881) died at the hands of terrorists.
In memory of the murdered Sovereign, monuments were erected in Russia.
Thus, the famous sculptor A.M. Opekushin erected monuments to Alexander II in Moscow (1898), Pskov (1886), Chisinau (1886), Astrakhan (1884), Czestokhov (1899), Vladimir (1913), Buturlinovka (1912), Rybinsk (1914) and in other cities of the empire. Each of them was unique; according to estimates, “the Czestochowa monument, created with donations from the Polish population, was very beautiful and elegant.” Alas, after 1917, most of those created by Opekushin were destroyed.

The Bolsheviks barbarously destroyed monuments to the Tsar-Liberator throughout the country. Now that the merits of the Sovereign Emperor Alexander II have been assessed, Russia is trying to revive the destroyed monuments.

Divers could not find at the bottom of the Volkhov in Veliky Novgorod a monument to Emperor Alexander II thrown into the river by the communists. The object, which was mistaken for a monument during hydroacoustic scanning of the bottom in 2004, turned out to be a bizarre pile of logs.
A stone monument to Alexander II was erected on the Trade Side of Novgorod at the end of the 19th century. In May 1920, the participants of the communist subbotnik threw the monument into the Volkhov.
(from here)

The monument to the Sovereign in Moscow has its own history. On May 14, 1893, in the Kremlin, next to the Small Nikolaevsky Palace, where Alexander was born (opposite the Chudov Monastery), it was founded, and on August 16, 1898, solemnly, after the liturgy in the Assumption Cathedral, in the Highest Presence (the service was officiated by Metropolitan Vladimir of Moscow (Bogoyavlensky) ), a monument to him was opened (the work of A.M. Opekushin, P.V. Zhukovsky and N.V. Sultanov). The emperor was sculpted standing under a pyramidal canopy in a general's uniform, in purple, with a scepter; a canopy made of dark pink granite with bronze ornaments was crowned with a gilded patterned hipped roof with a double-headed eagle; in the dome of the canopy was placed a chronicle of the life of the king. On three sides, a through gallery adjoined the monument, formed by vaults resting on columns.

In the spring of 1918, the sculptural figure of the king was thrown off the monument. During the demolition of the monument, the bald, bloody little Lenin, seething with anger, threw a rope around the neck of the sculpture ... The monument was completely dismantled in 1928.

But historical justice has triumphed. In June 2005, a monument to Alexander II was solemnly opened in Moscow. The author of the monument is Alexander Rukavishnikov. The monument is set on a granite platform on the western side of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. On the pedestal of the monument is the inscription: "Emperor Alexander II. He abolished serfdom in 1861 and freed millions of peasants from centuries of slavery. He carried out military and judicial reforms. He introduced a system of local self-government, city dumas and zemstvo councils. He completed the long-term Caucasian war. He freed the Slavic peoples from the Ottoman yoke. He died on March 1 (13), 1881 as a result of a terrorist act.

Those monuments that were located abroad were more fortunate.
For example, in Bulgaria Alexander II is known as the Tsar Liberator. His manifesto of April 12 (24), 1877 declaring war on Turkey is studied in the school history course. The Treaty of San Stefano on March 3, 1878 brought freedom to Bulgaria, after five centuries of Ottoman rule that began in 1396.
And to this day in Bulgaria, during the liturgy in Orthodox churches, during the Great Entrance of the Liturgy of the Faithful, Alexander II and all Russian soldiers who fell on the battlefield for the liberation of Bulgaria in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 are commemorated.
The grateful Bulgarian people erected many monuments to the Tsar-Liberator and named streets and institutions in his honor all over the country.

Monument to the Tsar Liberator in Sofia

In the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland, Helsingfors, on Senate Square, in front of the Evangelical Lutheran Cathedral, on April 17, 1894, a monument to Alexander II, the work of Walter Runeberg, was opened, cast according to the model of the sculptor Takanen. With the monument, the Finns expressed their gratitude for strengthening the foundations of Finnish culture and, in particular, for recognizing the Finnish language as the state language.

Monument to Alexander II on the Senate Square in Helsinki

I remember once a friend showed me pictures he took in Helsinki. And he was very surprised when I explained to him that in one of the pictures he captured the monument to Emperor Alexander II ...

Temples became a kind of monument to the Sovereign Liberator.
For example, in St. Petersburg, on the site of the death of the tsar, the Church of the Savior on Blood was erected with funds collected throughout Russia. The cathedral was built by order of Emperor Alexander III in 1883-1907 according to the joint project of the architect Alfred Parland and Archimandrite Ignatius (Malyshev), and consecrated on August 6, 1907 - the day of the Transfiguration.

A temple was built in Ryazan - in honor of miraculous salvation Emperor from an assassination attempt. But while the temple was being built, the terrorists still killed Emperor Alexander II. And the Ryazan temple became one of the first temples in memory of the murdered Sovereign.

On August 30, 1879, in the Ryazan suburban Trinity Sloboda, a church was laid in the name of St. Blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky. His Grace Vasily, Bishop of Mikhailovsky, Vicar of Ryazan, expressed his thought in the following words:
"With prayerful invocation God's blessings the foundation of the temple of God was laid among the peasant dwellings ... The construction of the church being begun in the local area, in addition to the desire to have in it the most convenient satisfaction of their spiritual needs, was undertaken by the pious inhabitants of this area and with the aim of perpetuating in posterity the memory of the phenomenon of the greatest God's grace to the Russian people in the miraculous salvation of the precious life of our beloved Monarch, the most pious Sovereign Emperor Alexander Nikolayevich from the hands of a vile villain. Therefore, this temple is being built with the highest permission, dedicated to the name of St. Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. The foundation of this temple is decently laid on the day of the namesake of His Majesty.

And in his speech, the bishop also touched upon the idea that the residents of the suburban settlement of Ryazan, concerned about the future of their children, decided to build this temple in this place without anyone's instructions. "flair common sense they assume that their children are in danger (how right they were!) - and now they are in a hurry to avert this disaster, to create God's temple in which their children would learn to fear God and honor the king…”

The temple in Trinity Sloboda was conceived in honor of the miraculous rescue of Emperor Alexander II, which took place on April 2, 1879. The story of the tragedy and miraculous salvation of the sovereign is as follows. Alexander II, as always, took a walk in the morning near the Winter Palace. Suddenly, an unknown person, who unexpectedly appeared, grabbed a revolver and fired several shots at the sovereign. Fortunately, the bullets did not hit the anointed of God - the sovereign remained alive this time, and the attacker was caught. “Why this time?” you ask. Yes, because six attempts were made on the life of the sovereign. The last, committed in 1881, ended his life.

“Before the mind’s eye,” wrote I.S. Aksakov during the days of people’s mourning for Tsar Alexander II, the liberator of the peasants: “the bloody image of the Tsar, kind, meek, complacent, killed in broad daylight stands steadily ... a man of the Russian land, already half-dead, with his head bare, bowing from weakness, they are carrying the liberator of millions of people of his own and foreign peoples, who gave the whole of Russia a new life, bestowed such expanse of life that she had not yet known ... It becomes shameful and ashamed for a Russian to look at the light of God . It is as if someone committed a public outrage over us, publicly shamed us with the most shameless shame, and we, defiled, stand before the whole world, before that world where everywhere the name of the deceased is honored with reverence ... "

Almost 5 years have passed since the foundation of the temple in Ryazan and 2 years since the last assassination attempt on the emperor and his tragic, terrible death. And so, on September 8, 1884, His Grace Feoktist (Popov), Bishop of Ryazan and Zaraisky, consecrated “in the Novoaleksandrovskaya (Trinity Identity) Sloboda, a temple rebuilt by the residents of the Sloboda in memory of the deliverance from the danger of life in Bose of the late Sovereign Emperor Alexander II, a stone church in the name of the Most Holy Trinity ".

This celebration was attended by the rector of the Ryazan Trinity Monastery, Archimandrite Vladimir (Dobrolyubov), the Cathedral Archpriest H. Romansky, the rector of the seminary, Archpriest John Smirnov, as well as a large number of archpriests of monasteries and churches in Ryazan. This temple was special, which was emphasized more than once in the speeches of the speakers. The consecration was completed with the solemn words of the priest John Alyakrov. The temple was not yet completely ready, and the main celebrations were envisaged in the future. But this day turned out to be bright.

In a solemn speech, the speaker expressed the hope that the inhabitants of the settlement would soon be able to see the temple completely finished with two more thrones in the name of the Right-Believing Prince Alexander Nevsky and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. “Sincere love for the sovereign will not allow the construction of this sacred monument to be left unfinished,” the speaker said in conclusion.

And so, on November 23, 1884, on the feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, His Grace Feoktist (Popov) was already consecrating two new limits. On the occasion of such a celebration, the settlement, which was called Trinity, because. Adjacent to the Trinity Monastery, by the Highest command, it became known as Novo-Aleksandrovskaya from March 31, 1883.

"Ryazan Diocesan Gazette" noted that the newly consecrated church in its own way historical significance was the first temple in Russia - a monument to the salvation of the sovereign-emperor. That is why the celebration turned out to be grandiose for Ryazan.

The consecration took place in the presence of a large number of people, troops and clergy. Orthodox flocked to the temple from all over Ryazan and local villages. According to the testimonies of eyewitnesses who left their unforgettable impressions on the pages of the REV, two excellent choirs accompanied the celebration of the consecration, which was conducted by Vladyka himself. After the liturgy there was a concert and many good and kind words were said to the builders and beautifiers of the temple. Everyone could not accommodate in the temple, although it was very spacious.

At the end of the service, the troops were offered refreshments, which were accompanied by music and the singing of folk hymns. The guests of honor were invited to a festive dinner at the house of the chairman of the committee for the construction of the church, the merchant of the 1st guild, Pavel Alexandrovich Khrushchev, who put a lot of effort into building this church.

The inhabitants of the Alexander Nevsky Sloboda were offered refreshments on the square near the newly consecrated church. The author of the article was not talking about the reckless fun that the reader of these lines might imagine. It was about the high spiritual triumph that was discussed, about genuine patriotism and love for Russia and the sovereign. You can thank the author of the lines - he stopped not only on the outside of the holiday and the high spiritual upsurge of the Russian people. He led us inside the temple, the temple, which, unfortunately, no longer exists.

“At the entrance to the temple, it amazes everyone with its majestic structure, the elegance of the carved wooden iconostasis, the beautiful expressive painting of icons and, most importantly, the completeness and completeness of the idea that the builders and experienced leaders tried to express in it .... Without words, he more eloquently than any words expresses the idea, which can be formulated in the following words: "Fear God, honor the Tsar, and keep the church statutes."

On the left side of the western doors, everyone was struck by the picture of the crucifixion of Christ the Savior, on the right side - the removal from hell of the righteous who were there before the Resurrection. On a high place in the depths of the altar, an image of the Risen Christ was made on the canvas, and on the dome above the throne itself, where the gaze of the worshiper could not penetrate, there was an image of the Lord of hosts. The temple was arranged in such a way that it immediately embraced the iconostasis of all three limits.

In each limit, the icons were arranged in such a way as to perpetuate the events that occurred with the Tsar-Liberator, Tsar Martyr Alexander II, whom God's providence more than once kept from the hands of murderers, hoping that the Russian people would not lose their minds to the end. No, this didn't happen. Therefore, in amazement and sadness, the venerable martyr Evdokia looked at the worshipers from the icon in the Alexander Nevsky Limit “struck by the horror of an unheard of atrocity ... The artist’s brush tried to express on her face the most terrible event in a series of calculated atrocities ...”.

The throne in the name of Nicholas the Wonderworker symbolized a single church, the implementation of the rules of which helps people become true Christians. The icon of the Transfiguration of the Lord over the Royal Doors, as it were, symbolized that by becoming like God in prayer, we, like Him, will be transformed.

And so, the temple was conceived and executed as a symbol of the unity of God (Trinity limit) - the anointed king of God (Alexander Nevsky limit) - and the Church, its charters (Nikolaev limit) and reflected the history of Christianity, the Russian state and the Russian Orthodox Church. For many years, the temple delighted the parishioners of the settlement with its beauty.

In 1906, the Ryazan Diocesan Gazette noted that the Trinity Church was the best church in Ryazan. This temple evoked many thoughts and feelings. After all, its builders and beautifiers openly declared war on unbelief, which was repeatedly said in the words spoken during the consecration of the temple. The organizers also believed that for many years the Trinity Church “would serve as a sign of the struggle of faith with unbelief and as a measure of the civil and political well-being and power of the people” (think about these words spoken in 1884). The temple was loved. His parishioners did not hesitate to make sacrifices, because they did it to God. Next to the temple there was a cemetery, land worth 2 acres for which benefactors also donated.

A well was dug next to the temple, which provided clean water to the settlement. A chapel was erected near the well. Another chapel, assigned to the temple, was built in memory of saving the life of Alexander II, and was located near the Ryazan station. In the parish there was a two-class exemplary male and female school, which was maintained at the expense of the Ryazan-Ural Railway Society, a two-class Ministerial School at Art. "Ryazan", Aleksandrovskaya Pedagogical Seminary and Primary Zemstvo School. The inhabitants of Troitskaya Sloboda were pleased with their arrival.

By 1917 the temple had three altars. The main one is in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity, the right one is in the name of the right-believing Prince Alexander Nevsky, the left one is in the name of St. Nicholas of Myra. Utensils he was sufficient. According to the state, it was supposed to have three priests, a deacon and three psalmists, who were not paid salaries.

The church had 3 ½ tithes of land.

In 1923, the Trinity Church was described in documents as follows: "The church is made of stone, with the same bell tower with 11 bells on it, covered with iron, strong, with three thrones and iconostases." “The church has a stone dome with an iron cross above it. There are 18 windows in it. The church is surrounded by a stone fence.” Eleven church bells carried their ringing over the city for a long time. They interfered with someone, and helped many to survive in that terrible period.

S.D. Yakhontov, a Ryazan historian, archivist, recalled after his stay in the Ryazan prison in 1929: “... It was especially hard for me on holidays. Standing in front of the window in the direction of the Trinity Church, when the gospel was heard from there, I grieved at the distance from the temple. They pray there, open their souls in prayer, and thereby alleviate their grief, but I am deprived of this medicine. Loneliness would not be possible if it were not for the religious desire. Temple! Temple! How long have I stood idle, imagining myself in the temple and tears ... tears! The Lord heard me and saw the tears. It saved me from despair. It was my life, invisible to others. Take care of God! ... Whoever does not have a religion has had a bad time. It was a difficult time for the Orthodox. Do not believe that churches were closed without Christian tears. There were many of them, our relatives, who grieved with their souls when the cupolas of the temples vanished...

During this period, many house churches and city monasteries began to close. S.D. Yakhontov wrote: “At the beginning of the revolution, all house churches in Ryazan were destroyed. I will name some of them so that they do not completely disappear from the memory of history: 1 - Under the Eparch.zh. uch., 2. spiritual male. Learned. 3. With archri. Forerunner 4.St. Strategist under Archier. same house 5.Techn. city. College, 6. At the house of Labor, 7. At the prison. 8.Eparh. diocese vicariate, 9. Almshouse of the nobility, 10. gymnasium. pension, 11 Seminaries. 12. Regimental temple.

Icons that were collected by still functioning churches and monasteries began to be removed from institutions and from the streets. The Trinity Church received holy icons from the Ryazan station and from the depot. When Kazansky closed convent in Ryazan and the issue of his property was being resolved, the council of the temple made an interesting postscript in pencil on the letter on the reception of the property of the monastery: “It is desirable to have St. icon of the Kazan Mother of God. The temple, unfortunately, could not accept other icons. And the miraculous icon was transferred to the Resurrection Church in Ryazan.

From January 1924, Bishop Gleb (Pokrovsky) arrived in Ryazan. In his archival and investigative file, memories of the Trinity Church remained. They are touching, and involuntarily take us back to those times: “Trinity Church. The clergy reverently performs divine services, with a strict charter, they preach, a wonderful choir, the regent has changed his proud disposition, he is rather a nervous person, he is very conscientious about his duties. Whenever I serve in the Trinity Church, I am touched by the beautiful singing, the temple is kept clean. The head of the church and the council always treat me with respect, it feels like you are in your own family. Would it not be possible for Your Eminence to allow me to celebrate divine services here, and in the cathedral on Twelfth Feasts and local honors? Here I will find a tolerable apartment for myself and some peace. The church council willingly agrees to do whatever is necessary for me. Evening talks are well organized here, and I could always take part.

The rector of the Trinity Church for a long time was Archpriest Nikolai Mikhailovich Urusov. Difficult years of persecution against the Church of Christ fell on his lot. And he experienced this persecution one of the first in our diocese.

The State Archives of the Ryazan Region have preserved a letter written by Archimandrite Ioanniky of the Solotchinsky Monastery, Nikolai Urusov, Archpriest of the Trinity Church in Ryazan, and a priest. of the Solotchi Church by Feodor Orlin to Vladyka John (Smirnov), in which they congratulated Vladyka on the day of the Angel and thanked him for the help rendered to him, the prisoners of the Pokrovsky camp. “With sincere filial love and devotion, we congratulate you on Angel Day and earnestly ask for your Archpastoral blessing and hierarchal prayers for us imprisoned prisoners.” The prisoners also thanked Patriarch Tikhon, who also showed paternal care for them, and reported: “In the Pokrovsky camp, one of the imprisoned clerics is from Petrograd, and the rest are all Ryazan. From Ryazantsev four - in Nizhny Novgorod - priests Mikhail Ozersky, Gavriil Speshnev, John Mostinsky and Andrey Timofeev, and one in the Yauzinsky hospital Nikolai Volynsky. 1919 September 26/October 9"
This letter is priceless, as it reveals some secret about the priesthood, which they wanted to hide from us. There are many holy martyrs, many of them we do not know, but God reveals these mysteries…

Nikolai Mikhailovich Urusov returned to his native temple after the camp. He put a lot of work in this field. In 1926, he was unfairly dismissed from his duties by a decision of members of the community, among whom people who were far from religion began to appear. The indignant parishioners of the Trinity Church could not come to terms with this. They asked to restore justice and return Fr. Nicholas. Many letters were written, and in all of them - a request to return the beloved shepherd. This time, justice has been done. It was already 1928.

In 1935, the temple was handed over to the renovationists, allegedly at the request of the parishioners. Even more outraged parishioners wrote a protest, but this time it was all in vain. The Renovationists settled in a church that did not belong to them. The parishioners forgot the way there, and by the decision of the Ryazgorispolkom of September 16, 1935, it was transferred to the MKZHD club. After many years, it was demolished, as beauty was turned into nothing. On the site where there was once a temple to the Tsar-Liberator, the Palace of Trade Unions was erected, later renamed the MCC - the municipal cultural center.

From here: Sinelnikova T.P.

In Yalta there is a beautiful cathedral in the name of Alexander Nevsky. He is truly admired by everyone who sees him.

In the 80s of the 19th century, churches were built throughout Russia in memory of the martyr Tsar Alexander II, who died on March 1, 1881 from a bomb that exploded at his feet. They were consecrated in honor of Alexander Nevsky, who was the heavenly patron of Russian tsars. In the Crimea, temples were built in Simferopol and Feodosia in honor of this saint. The people of Yalta also decided to build a large cathedral, especially since the city grew and the church of St. John Chrysostom became cramped. The intention of the townspeople was supported by Emperor Alexander III.

Portrait of Emperor Alexander II

On March 1, 1890, a construction committee was established, headed by the famous engineer, scientist, local historian A.L. Berthier-Delagard. The committee included thirty respected Yalta residents: among them, Prince V.V. Trubetskoy, Count N.S. Mordvinov, baron chamberlain, engineer A.L. Wrangel, Privy Councilor P.I. Gubonin, Dr. V.N. Dmitriev, famous architects P.K. Terebenev and N.A. Stackenschneider, son of the architect who built the palace in Oreanda.

The Committee appealed to the Yalta City Council with a request to allocate a site near the Livadia Bridge for construction. But it turned out that this place brought a good income to the city, so they offered another one, in the city center, at the intersection of Sadovaya and Morskaya streets at the foot of Mount Darsan. A large plot of land located nearby was donated by Baron A.L. Wrangell. donated to the temple different people: the city government allocated 6,000 rubles for the construction, the same amount was donated by Major General Bogdan Vasilyevich Khvoshchinsky, wine producer I.F. Tokmakov 1000 rubles. And ordinary Yalta residents brought as much as they could.


The first project of the temple was developed in 1889 by the architect K.I. Ashliman, but it was not approved. The new project was commissioned to be done by N.P. Krasnov, who worked in collaboration with P.K. Terebenev. On March 1, 1891, on the day of the tenth anniversary of the death of Emperor Alexander II, a solemn laying of the foundation of a new temple took place. Archbishop Martinian served a prayer service right on construction site. Empress Maria Feodorovna laid the first stone in the foundation of the future temple.

For the temple, the architect chose the Old Russian style, using many decorative architectural elements: pilasters, portals, chests of drawers, hearts. The cathedral was built in two tiers, with open galleries and a hipped porch. Painted in white and pink tones, which made it elegant, festive. Icons for the temple were made in Mstera, Vladimir province.

11 bells for the three-tiered bell tower of the cathedral were cast in Moscow, the main bell weighed 428 pounds. All the bells were donated to the temple by the Crimean wine merchant and philanthropist N.D. Stakheev.

Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky. Yalta

The consecration of the cathedral took place on December 4, 1902, by Archbishop Nikolai, who was assisted by the archpriest of the cathedral Nazarevsky, Archpriest Ternovsky and Yalta priests Serbinov, Shchukin, Krylov and Shcheglov. new temple impressed with its originality: “The construction of the temple is excellent, fundamental, durable and stylish: the Russian style is remarkably sustained,” - such was the opinion of the commission that accepted the temple.

At eleven o'clock the imperial family arrived from Livadia. Empress Maria Feodorovna was unable to attend the ceremony, she sent a telegram: “I rejoice with all my heart at the consecration of the cathedral, at the laying of which I was present in 1891, remembering all those who worked at its foundation and thinking with joy about the prayers that from now on for everyone in it will be offered ". Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna venerated the holy cross, then the emperor lit a lampada. A procession was made around the cathedral and to the lower church for the holy gifts. After the liturgy, all the clergy went to the middle of the temple and proclaimed many years to the House of Romanov, and then eternal memory to Emperors Alexander II and Alexander III, Empress Maria Alexandrovna and Grand Duke George Alexandrovich, who died in the Caucasus. They proclaimed many years to the builders of the temple and to all Orthodox Christians.

The splendor and extraordinary beauty of the outer appearance of the temple had to be combined with the interior design. Therefore, in 1901, an all-Russian competition was held, the winner of which could decorate the interior of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. The first place was taken by the architect S.P. Kroshechkin. According to the projects of N.P. Krasnov, Kyiv artist I. Murashko painted the iconostasis, he also made a continuous painting of the dome and walls in the Byzantine style. On the outer side of the temple, in a granite frame-kiot, a mosaic panel with the image of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky was placed. The mosaic was made by the students of the Venetian master Antonio Salviati.

The temple is double-altar: the upper altar was consecrated in the name of St. Alexander Nevsky, and the lower one in the name of St. Artemy, this saint is honored by the church on October 20, on this day Emperor Alexander III died. All the domes of the cathedral were covered with gold. And eleven bells were a special pride, their crimson chime spilled over Yalta, the surrounding mountains and the sea.


In one of the letters of A.P. Chekhov said of the new cathedral: "Here, in Yalta, there is a new church, big bells are ringing, it's nice to listen, because it looks like Russia."

In the same style with the temple, a two-story house of the clergy was later built, resembling an ancient Russian tower. Its author was M.I. Kittens. In 1903-1908, another three-storey house was built; there was a large assembly hall for the Alexander Nevsky Brotherhood. This house housed a parochial school and a shelter for weak-breasted patients. The school was named after Tsarevich Alexei.

The Orthodox Brotherhood of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky was created by decree of Emperor Alexander III and the Tauride Spiritual Consistory at the Simferopol Cathedral on November 23, 1868. The founder of the brotherhood was Archbishop Gury (Karpov). The tasks of the brotherhood were varied: to create parochial schools, provide them and churches with material assistance, build new churches, take care of the poor, the elderly and orphans, fight schisms and sectarianism. During the First World War, the Alexander Nevsky Brotherhood and the community of sisters of mercy of the Red Cross collected gifts, medicines, medicinal herbs for soldiers, set up infirmaries and sanatoriums for the wounded. The Brotherhood enjoyed well-deserved authority, it was distinguished by the spirit of mercy and piety.


The first archpriest of the cathedral was Alexander Yakovlevich Ternovsky, who previously served in the church of St. John Chrysostom. The cathedral became the favorite temple of the Yalta residents. Came here in holidays and in days of grief. The temple shared with the parishioners the hardships of the revolution and the civil war, here they not only supported faith in people, the cathedral guarded, protected people's lives. In 1918, during the shelling of Yalta by the Red Guards, residents of the city took refuge in its walls.

In June 1918, the wife of F.M. Dostoevsky Anna Grigorievna. She was buried at the cemetery in Autka, and only many years later her ashes were transferred to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg, where F.M. Dostoevsky.

In 1938 the cathedral was closed. The bells were removed and sent for smelting. A sports club was organized in the temple.

Divine service in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was resumed in 1945 and has not stopped since then. The building of the parochial school, where the teacher's house used to be, was returned to the temple. Now here again the priests are talking with the children, there is a children's choir at the school.

February 19 (March 3) marks the 150th anniversary of the signing by Emperor Alexander II of the Manifesto on the abolition of serfdom and the Regulations on peasants leaving serfdom.
March 1 (13) - 130 years since the death of Alexander II at the hands of a terrorist.
Let's look at the current state of the St. Petersburg monuments to the Emperor-Liberator

On Suvorovsky
This monument was unveiled on May 31, 2003 in front of the building of the former Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff at 32b Suvorovsky Prospekt. It is a gift from Ukraine for the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg and an exact copy of the statue created by the sculptor Mark Antokolsky (1843-1902).
The newspaper "Kyivlyanin" dated November 23, 1910. reported: "Yesterday, November 22, the Kyiv mayor received a notification from Baron V.G. Ginzburg that he intends to donate to the city of Kyiv a statue of Emperor Alexander II, the model of which was made by the famous sculptor Antokolsky. This statue will be made of bronze and on will be cast in Paris in a few days, after which it will be sent to Kyiv. Baron Ginzburg expresses his desire that the statue of Emperor Alexander II be installed in the hall of the public city library"(now - the Parliamentary Library in Kyiv).

The original statue was erected in 1910. in the lobby of the city public library, and now resides in the courtyard of the Kyiv Museum of Russian Art.

This is the only one of the 3 monuments to Alexander II in Kyiv that has survived to this day. The plaster author's version of the sculpture, made in the late 1890s, is in the collection of the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.

Near the Central Bank
The monument to Emperor Alexander II on Lomonosov Street near the Main Directorate of the Central Bank for St. Petersburg was opened on June 1, 2005. The red ribbon was cut by the then head of the Russian Central Bank Viktor Gerashchenko. Alexander II is considered the founder of the State Bank of the Russian Empire (1860), from which the current Central Bank of the Russian Federation traces its history.

The bronze bust of the Emperor, according to available information, was cast before the revolution and is a copy of the work of the sculptor Matvey Chizhov (1838-1916), the original of which is also in the State Russian Museum. The plaque on the pedestal bears the inscription: "... The State Commercial Bank, in accordance with the Charter approved by Us, to give a new structure and the name of the State Bank ...".
The architect of the project is Vyacheslav Bukhaev, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Arts from St. Petersburg.

In the courtyard of the University
The bronze composition by the sculptor Pavel Shevchenko was installed in the courtyard of the Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg State University on March 1, 2008.

According to the author, it recreates a tragic moment - a terrorist act. The semantic center of the composition is a copy of the death mask of the martyr king. Next to the figure of Alexander II, there is a cross, a wing of the Guardian Angel, as if turning away from him, and a torn coat of arms of the Russian Empire.
The building of the Faculty of Philology was erected by decree of Alexander II, who also transferred to the University the neighboring Colleges - the current administrative building. During the reign of the tsar-reformer, the charter of the Imperial University was adopted.
You can see what the whole monument looks like.

I really don't like this statue. I consider the idea blasphemous, and the execution and place of installation - not corresponding to the scale of the personality and the historical significance of the Sovereign.

Ruin
On the Fontanka Embankment, 132, there is a dilapidated pedestal covered with snow

This is all that remains of the monument to Alexander II, opened here in 1892. Sculptor - N.A. Lavretsky, architect - P.A. Samsonov.

In house 132 there was the Alexander Hospital for laborers in memory of February 19, 1861. It was opened in 1866. at the personal expense of the Emperor. The hospital building was built in 1864-66. according to the project of arch. I.V.Shtroma.

The bronze bust of the Emperor was mounted on a figured stand and a high stepped pedestal made of blocks of colored granite. He was depicted in a hussar uniform, with a ribbon and an aiguillette, in shoulder straps, with the St. George Cross, orders and stars. Inscriptions on the pedestal: on the front side: "To Emperor Alexander II. Founder of the hospital"; on the side faces: "The hospital was founded in memory of February 19, 1861, built by the City Public Administration in 1892."

The monument was destroyed in 1931. For a long time, the leader of the world proletariat flaunted on its pedestal. Then he disappeared, but the inscription appeared - "The Invisible Man". With this name, the object entered the urban folklore.

According to the newspaper "My District"
over the reconstruction of the monument since 1996. sculptor Stanislav Golovanov works.

However, for 15 years, the 2 million rubles required for the manufacture of the bust were never found. I would very much like to reach out to the city authorities in this anniversary year. Although I do not believe in such a possibility.

Now let's go through the nearest suburbs of St. Petersburg.

This is how the monument to the Tsar-Liberator in the village of Murino, opened in 1911, looked like. next to the chapel of St. blgv. Prince Alexander Nevsky

This is a modern view of the chapel. The tree has grown, and the snow-covered mound on the left is, apparently, the remains of the monument's pedestal.

Disappeared
In the same 1911 busts of Emperor Alexander II were opened:
- in Pargolovo, also in front of the chapel. At Soviet power both the monument and the chapel were destroyed

AT Old Village, destroyed

In Ropsha, destroyed.

190 years ago, April 17, 1818 (April 29, new style) at 11 am in the family of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich and Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna had a son. He was born and already by this he largely influenced the further course of Russian history. Emperor Alexander I, who had no sons, having learned from the appearance of younger brother heir, decided to transfer the throne to Nicholas, and not to his brother Konstantin, following Alexander in seniority. This became one of the reasons for the interregnum at the end of 1825 and the reason for the Decembrist uprising.

“If the art of ruling consists in the ability to correctly determine the urgent needs of the era, to open a free outlet for viable and fruitful aspirations lurking in society, to pacify mutually hostile parties from the height of impartiality by the force of reasonable agreements, then it cannot be denied that Emperor Alexander Nikolayevich correctly understood the essence of his vocations in the memorable 1855-1861 years of his reign.
Professor Kiesewetter

Lavrov N.A. Emperor Alexander II the Liberator. 1868
(Artillery Museum, St. Petersburg)

Since 1826, Alexander's mentor was the famous Russian poet Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. For six months, Zhukovsky developed a program for the education and upbringing of Alexander. The program did not allow concessions and indulgence. Emperor Nicholas regretted that he had not received the education necessary for the monarch, and decided that he would raise his son worthy of the throne. He entrusted the selection of teachers to the court poet, who once wrote heartfelt poems addressed to the mother of the newborn Alexander. There were lines like this:

May he meet an age full of honor!
Yes, there will be a glorious participant!
Yes, on a high line will not forget
The holiest of titles: human...

The purpose of education and training of the heir Zhukovsky proclaimed "education for virtue." Here is the routine of the usual school day "royally". You have to get up at six in the morning. After finishing the morning toilet, go to the palace chapel for a short prayer and only then - for breakfast. Then - textbooks and notebooks in hand: at seven in the morning the teachers are waiting in the classroom. Until noon - lessons. Languages ​​- German, English, French, Polish and Russian; geography, statistics, ethnography, logic, God's law, philosophy, mathematics, natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, geology, national and general history... and even a course on the history of the French Revolution of 1789, which is banned in Russia. And besides, drawing, music, gymnastics, fencing, swimming, horseback riding, dancing, handicrafts, reading-recitation. In the afternoon - a two-hour walk, at two o'clock in the afternoon lunch. After lunch, rest, go for a walk, but at five in the evening - classes again, at seven - an hour, tasted for games and gymnastics. At eight - dinner, then - almost free time, which nevertheless is supposed to keep a diary; write down the main events of the day and your condition. At ten o'clock - sleep!

Alexander Nikolaevich Tsarevich in the uniform of a cadet. Engraving. 1838

Alexander Nikolaevich Tsarevich with mentor V.A. Zhukovsky. Engraving. 1850s

April 22, 1834 St. George's Hall and big church The Winter Palace were decorated in honor of Alexander Nikolaevich. The day of his coming of age is celebrated. From the Diamond Room they brought a "power" - a golden ball, strewn with diamonds and the rarest precious stones, a scepter crowned with the Orlov diamond (bought in Europe for a lot of money, long before that it adorned a Buddha statue in India), and on a red pillow - a golden crown. The solemn part ended with the singing of the imperial anthem "God Save the Tsar!" shortly before. On that day, an amazing precious mineral was mined in the Urals. In the sun, it was bluish-greenish, and under artificial lighting it became crimson-red. They called it alexandrite.

In 1841, Alexander married Princess Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt, in Orthodoxy Maria Alexandrovna (1824-1880). Children were born from this marriage: Nikolai, Alexander (future All-Russian Emperor Alexander III), Vladimir, Alexei, Sergey, Pavel, Alexandra, Maria. Alexander II ascended the throne on February 19, 1855, in an extremely difficult period for Russia, when the exhausting Crimean War was nearing its climax, during which economically backward Russia was drawn into an unequal military confrontation with England and France.

Kruger F. Portrait led. book. Alexander Nikolaevich, around 1840.
(State Hermitage, St. Petersburg)

Coronation celebrations were held in Moscow from 14 to 26 August 1856. For their implementation in old capital delivered the Large and Small crowns, scepter, orb, porphyry, crown signs of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, the State Seal, sword and banner.

For the first time in the history of the state, the ceremonial entry into Moscow was carried out not by a solemnly slow motorcade consisting of carriages, but quite modestly - by rail. On August 17, 1856, Alexander Nikolayevich, with his family and a brilliant retinue, drove along Tverskaya Street to the sound of numerous Moscow bells and the roar of artillery salute. At the Iverskaya chapel Mother of God the tsar and the whole retinue got off their horses (the empress with the children got out of the carriage) and venerated the miraculous icon, after which they went on foot to the territory of the Kremlin.

Botman E.I. Portrait of Alexander II. 1856

Makarov I.K. Portrait of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, wife of Alexander II. 1866
(State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)

Timm V.F. The Most Holy Chrismation of Emperor Alexander II
during his coronation in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on August 26, 1856

At the coronation, something happened that is commonly called a bad omen by the people. The old man M.D. Gorchakov suddenly lost consciousness and fell, dropping the pillow with the symbol. The spherical “power”, clanging, rolled on the stone floor. Everyone gasped, and only the monarch calmly said, referring to Gorchakov: “It doesn’t matter that he fell off. The main thing is that he stood firmly on the battlefields.
Alexander well understood that the crushing defeat of Russia in the last Crimean War, the fall of Sevastopol and the subsequent complete political isolation of Russia in Europe were a direct consequence of his father's pernicious domestic policy. Radical and immediate change was required. Already in 1856, Alexander II signed the Treaty of Paris with Turkey, and in 1861 he took one of the most significant domestic political steps in the history of the country - he abolished serfdom. While still the heir, Alexander Nikolaevich came to the conclusion that fundamental reforms of the existing system were necessary. Soon after the coronation, the new tsar, in his speech addressed to the nobles of the Moscow province, clearly said that serfdom could not be tolerated any longer. A secret committee was set up to develop a peasant reform, which in 1858 became the Main Committee.

Alexander II calls on the Moscow nobles to proceed with the liberation of the peasantry. 1857.
Engraving. Early 1880s

Emperor Alexander II, photo, mid-1860s

Lavrov N.A. Portrait of Emperor Alexander II in the cape of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment of His Majesty. 1860
(From the collection of the Regimental Museum until 1918, Tsarskoye Selo)

February 19, 1861, the day of accession to the throne, the "Regulations" on the liberation of the peasants were delivered to the Winter Palace. The manifesto about this act was compiled by the Metropolitan of Moscow Filaret (Drozdov). After an ardent prayer, the Sovereign signed both documents, and 23 million people received freedom. Then, judicial, zemstvo and military reforms follow one after another. Alexander approved the "Rules" about the Old Believers. Old Believer rumors, loyal to secular power, it was allowed to freely conduct worship, open schools, hold public positions, and travel abroad. In essence, the “schism” was legalized and the persecution of the Old Believers that took place under Emperor Nicholas I ceased. During the reign of Alexander II, the Caucasian War (1817-1864) was completed, a significant part of Turkestan was annexed (1865-1881), borders with China were established along the Amur rivers and Ussuri (1858-1860).

Sverchkov N.E. Wheelchair ride (Alexander II with children)
(Yaroslavsky Art Museum, Yaroslavl)

Kustodiev B.M. Reading the manifesto (Liberation of the peasants). 1907
For the publication of I.N. Knebel "Russian history in pictures"

Thanks to the victory of Russia in the war with Turkey (1877-1878), in order to help the fellow-believing Slavic peoples in their liberation from the Turkish yoke, Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia gained independence and began a sovereign existence. The victory was won largely thanks to the will of Alexander II, who, during the most difficult period of the war, insisted on continuing the siege of Plevna, which contributed to its victorious end. In Bulgaria, Alexander II was revered as the Liberator. Cathedral Sofia is a temple-monument of St. blgv. led. book. Alexander Nevsky (heavenly patron of Alexander II).

The people greet the Tsar-Liberator on Palace Square, February 19, 1861, lithograph Rozhansky B.

The popularity of Alexander II reaches its highest point. In 1862-1866, at the insistence of the emperor, a transformation of state control took place. In April 1863, the Imperial Decree "On the Limitation of Corporal Punishment" was issued. People called him the Liberator. It seemed that his reign would be calm and liberal. But in January 1863, another Polish uprising broke out. The flame of the uprising spreads to Lithuania, part of Belarus and the Right-Bank Ukraine. In 1864, the uprising was crushed, Alexander was forced to carry out a number of progressive reforms in Poland, but the authority of the king had already been undermined.

Svrchkov N.E. Portrait of Emperor Alexander II
(Museum-Estate "Ostankino", Moscow)

Alexander II has long lived under the tormenting sign of a prediction given as if even at his birth by the holy fool Fyodor. The incomprehensible, enigmatic words of Blessed Fyodor have been passed from mouth to mouth among the people for several decades now: "The newborn will be mighty, glorious and strong, but he will die in red boots." The first prophecy came true, as for the words about “red boots”, their meaning was still understood literally. Who could have imagined that the tsar's legs would be torn off by a bomb explosion, and he, covered with blood, would die in terrible agony a few hours after the diabolical assassination attempt.

Makovsky K.E. Portrait of Emperor Alexander II. 1860s
(Nizhny Novgorod Art Museum, Nizhny Novgorod)

Sons of Alexander II and photo of Alexander II's wife Maria Alexandrovna, 1856

Emperor Alexander II with his wife on the day of the 25th anniversary of marriage, 1866

Emperor Alexander II with his second wife, Catherine Dolgoruky and children

The first assassination attempt on Alexander II was made on April 4, 1866, during his walk in the Summer Garden. The shooter was 26-year-old terrorist Dmitry Karakozov. Shot almost point blank. But, fortunately, the peasant Osip Komissarov, who happened to be nearby, took the killer's hand away. Russia praised God with songs, who prevented the death of the Russian emperor. In June of the following year, 1867, the Russian emperor, at the invitation of Napoleon III, was in Paris, on June 6, when Alexander, in the same carriage with the French emperor, was driving through the Bois de Boulogne, the Pole A. Berezovsky shot the tsar with a pistol. But he missed. Seriously frightened, Alexander turned to the famous Parisian soothsayer. He did not hear anything comforting. Eight assassination attempts will be made on him, and the last one will be fatal. I must say, the people have already told a legend about how once, in his youth, Alexander Nikolaevich met with the famous ghost of the Anichkov Palace - the “White Lady”, who, in a conversation with him, predicted that the tsar would survive three assassination attempts. But eight?! Meanwhile, two of the assassination attempts predicted by the Parisian prophetess had already taken place by that time. The third will take place on April 2, 1869. The terrorist A. Solovyov will shoot at the tsar right on the Palace Square. Will miss. On November 18, 1879, terrorists will blow up the railroad track, along which the imperial train was supposed to follow, but it managed to pass earlier, before the explosion.
On February 5, 1880, the famous explosion in the Winter Palace, carried out by Stepan Khalturin, will take place. Several guard soldiers will be killed, but the king, by a lucky chance, will not suffer.

Dining room of the Winter Palace after the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II. Photo 1879

In the summer of the same year, the terrorists Zhelyabov and Teterka laid dynamite under the Stone Bridge across the Ekaterininsky Canal in the alignment of Gorokhovaya Street, but fate again turned out to be favorable to Alexander II. He will choose a different route. This will be the sixth assassination attempt on the king. New attempts were expected with constant unrelenting fear.
A couple of weeks before the last, fatal attempt on his life, Alexander drew attention to a strange circumstance. In front of the windows of his bedroom every morning several dead pigeons are lying around. Subsequently, it turned out that a kite of unprecedented size settled on the roof of the Winter Palace. The kite was barely able to be lured into a trap. The dead pigeons didn't reappear. But an unpleasant aftertaste remained. According to many, this was a bad omen.

Finally, on March 1, 1881, the last assassination attempt took place, ending in the martyrdom of the tsar-liberator. If we count the bombs thrown by the Narodnaya Volya Rysakov and Grinevitsky with an interval of several minutes as two assassination attempts, then the Parisian witch managed to predict the serial number of the latter. No one could understand how this whole state, huge and powerful, could not save one person.

Chapel erected on the site of the mortal wound of Alexander II. Designed by architect L.N. Benois

He died just on the day when he decided to set in motion the constitutional project of M. T. Loris-Melikov, telling his sons Alexander (the future emperor) and Vladimir: “I do not hide from myself that we are following the path of the constitution.” The great reforms remained unfinished.

At the beginning of 1881, the city duma created a commission to perpetuate the memory of Alexander II. Similar commissions were set up throughout the country. The scale of mourning events is evidenced by the materials of the report of the Technical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for 1888: monuments to Alexander II were erected in the Moscow Kremlin, in Kazan, Samara, Astrakhan, Pskov, Ufa, Chisinau, Tobolsk and St. Petersburg. Busts of Alexander II were erected in Vysheye Volochek, in the villages of the Vyatka, Orenburg, and Tomsk provinces.

Makovsky K. E. Portrait of Alexander II. 1881

After the assassination of Alexander II, the artist Konstantin Makovsky painted a portrait: the tsar and, next to him, a shaggy dog. The state in the form of a helpless dog did not look so powerful. It was said that another artist, Vasily Vereshchagin, saw the portrait and offered to name it: "The Dog Who Didn't Save the Tsar." The people were sure that the tsar was killed by the nobles "in revenge for the liberation of the peasants."

Makovsky K.E. Portrait of Alexander II on his deathbed. 1881
(State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow)

On the site of the assassination of the emperor in 1883, the Church of the Resurrection of Christ (“The Savior on Blood”) was erected - an outstanding architectural monument, one of the main shrines of St. Petersburg. According to the estimate, the state allocated 3 million 600 thousand silver rubles for the construction of the memorial temple. It was huge money for those times. However, the actual cost of construction exceeded the estimate by 1 million rubles. This million rubles for the construction of the memorial temple was contributed by the royal family.

The most famous Russian artists and architects took part in the construction and decoration of the temple with mosaics, frescoes and icons: Afanasiev, Bondarenko, Bruni, Bunin, Vasnetsov, Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, Zhuravlev, Nesterov, Parland, Ryabushkin and others. On three sides of the temple, on the outer walls, luxurious granite slabs are inserted at the height of human growth, on which inscriptions about the major events of the reign of the Tsar Liberator are engraved.

Through the western, massive, with silver chased gates, the worshiper enters the temple and sees a canopy in front of him at the place where the mortally wounded king fell. In the complete original preserved: part of the cast-iron lattice of the Catherine Canal, panel slabs and part of the cobblestone pavement with traces of the sovereign's blood. This place is surrounded by a lattice with four columns, covered on top with a tent topped with a cross.

Monument to Alexander II in the Kremlin

The monument was founded in 1893, consecrated and opened in 1898 in the presence of the imperial family and representatives of all classes of Russia. The composition of the monument is unusual: a tent canopy over the figure of the emperor, crowned with a double-headed eagle (the motif of the completion of the Kremlin towers), is surrounded on three sides by an arched gallery, the vaults of which were decorated with images of the rulers of Russia from St. Vladimir to Nicholas I. The entrances to the galleries are also marked with tents, the left one is crowned the coat of arms of Moscow, the right one - the family coat of arms of the Romanov family. On the sides of the gallery there were descents to the Kremlin garden, from which a beautiful view of Moscow opened. The three-hipped composition of the monument organically fit into the existing ensemble of the Kremlin, the richness and elegance of decoration aroused the admiration of contemporaries. The monument was created by the sculptor A.M. Opekushin and the architects P.V. Zhukovsky and N.V. Sultanov. The monument has not survived to this day. The figure of the Tsar-Liberator was thrown off the pedestal in 1918, the canopy and gallery were finally dismantled in 1928.

In June 2005, a monument to Alexander II was solemnly opened in Moscow. The author of the monument is Alexander Rukavishnikov. The monument is set on a granite platform on the western side of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. On the pedestal of the monument there is an inscription “Emperor Alexander II. He abolished serfdom in 1861 and freed millions of peasants from centuries of slavery. He carried out military and judicial reforms. He introduced a system of local self-government, city dumas and zemstvo councils. He completed the long-term Caucasian war. He freed the Slavic peoples from the Ottoman yoke. He died on March 1 (13), 1881 as a result of a terrorist act.