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The truth of any knowledge and object can be proven or questioned. The Kantian antinomy, which says that even two opposite hypotheses can be logically substantiated, puts true knowledge in the rank of a mythical animal.

Such a beast may not exist at all, and Karamazov's "nothing is true, everything is permitted" should become the highest postulate human life. But first things first.

Philosophical relativism, and later - solipsism, pointed out to the world that true knowledge is not always such. The problem of what in philosophy can be considered genuine and what can be considered false has been raised for a very long time. The most famous ancient example of the struggle for the truth of judgments is the dispute between Socrates and the sophists and the well-known saying of the philosopher: "I know that I know nothing." The Sophists, by the way, were among the first to question almost everything.

The times of theology somewhat pacified the ardor of philosophers, giving the "only true" and righteous view of life and the creation of the world by God. But Giordano Bruno and Nicholas of Cusa, thanks to their scientific discoveries, empirically proved that the Sun does not revolve around the Earth, and the planet itself is not the center of the universe. The discovery of 15th-century philosophers and scientists rekindled the debate about what true knowledge meant, as the planet appeared to be hurtling through unexplored and frightening outer space.

At the same time, new philosophical schools and advance science.

So, true is knowledge, according to Aristotle, which is fully consistent with reality. This approach is easy enough to criticize because it leaves out both deliberate delusion and insanity. R. Descartes, on the other hand, believed that true knowledge differs from false in that it has clarity. Another philosopher believed that truth is what the majority agrees with. But be that as it may, the most important thing is its objectivity, that is, independence from a person and his consciousness.

It cannot be said that mankind, by complicating technologies, has come so close to denying any delusion that true knowledge is already at arm's length.

Modern technologies, computers and the Internet fell into the hands of uneducated and unprepared societies, which led to information intoxication and gluttony. In our time, information oozes from all cracks, and only a real Moses from programming and social sciences can curb this flow. This picture was described quite vividly already 50 years ago, namely in the book "1984", written by J. Orwell, and in the novel "Oh, Marvelous new world» Aldous Huxley.

True knowledge can be worldly, scientific or artistic, as well as moral. In general, there are as many truths as there are in the world of professions. For example, a problem for a scientist is a problem that requires a systematic approach, but for a believer it is a punishment for sins. That is why there are so many unceasing disputes around a multitude of phenomena, and, unfortunately, high-speed technologies, science and globalization have not yet been able to bring humanity even to the solution of the simplest moral issues.

1) criterion of truth 2) objective truth

3) relative truth 4) absolute truth

Thinking in images is an essential component of cognition

1) artistic 2) scientific

3) mythological 4) worldly

Relative truth is knowledge

1) false 2) incomplete

3) unverified 4) unfounded

What kind of knowledge is a kind of set of recipes for behavior developed by the life of many generations?

1) everyday experience 2) theoretical knowledge

3) folk wisdom 4) artistic image

Absolute truth, as opposed to relative

1) is mined only scientifically 2 ) is comprehensive knowledge about the subject

3) requires effort to understand 4) contains objective knowledge about the subject

True knowledge differs from false knowledge in that it

1) relies on common sense 2) uses concepts and judgments

3) is created as a result of cognitive activity 4) corresponds to the subject of knowledge

Both absolute and relative truth

1) contains objective knowledge about subject 2) is obtained only by scientific means

3) can never be refuted 4) is an exhaustive knowledge of the subject

Relative truth, as opposed to absolute truth

1) contains objective knowledge about the subject 2) always relies on common sense

3) can be refuted over time 4) is the result of sensory and rational knowledge

Practice as a criterion of truth includes

1) scientific experiment 2) scientific concepts

3) theoretical generalizations 4) statistical methods

true knowledge

1) usually practically applicable 2) can only be obtained by science

3) corresponds to the subject knowledge 4) is always presented in the form of a theory

Relative truth is different in that it

1) has certain limitations 2) not empirically confirmed

3) was not theoretically substantiated 4) obtained in an unscientific way

Relative truth is knowledge

1) unreliable 2) false, erroneous

3) reliable, but incomplete 4) shared by the majority

Rational-logical cognition acts as the highest stage in the process of human cognition of the surrounding world. It is typical for him

1) comprehension based on sensations of some external signs and properties of objects and phenomena

2) the formation of ideas about similar and different external signs objects and phenomena

3) penetration into the essence of cognizable objects and phenomena, the establishment of general patterns of their development

4) perception of the whole appearance object of the objective world and its retention in memory

Artistic (aesthetic) knowledge is based on

1) advancement of scientific hypotheses 2) generalization of data obtained experimentally

3) accumulation and generalization of life experience 4) displaying the world in artistic images

Knowledge based on common sense, everyday practice and social experience, which is the most important indicative basis of people's daily behavior. What kind of knowledge is it?

1) artistic 2) scientific

3) worldly 4) personal

Which of the following characterizes the theoretical level of knowledge?

1) conducting a scientific experiment 2) description scientific facts

3) generalization of the received data 4) observation of individual facts and phenomena

17. Scientists interviewed 25-year-old and 60-year-old residents of Russia. They were asked the question: “Do you think nature or society determines a person’s abilities?” The results of the survey (as a percentage of the total number of participants) are presented in a bar graph. Analyze the survey results and choose the correct statement.

1) The proportion of respondents who believe that abilities are determined by nature decreases with age.

2) About a third of the respondents in both groups found it difficult to answer the question.

3) The percentage of people who believe that the environment determines a person's abilities decreases with age.

4) About a quarter of the respondents in both groups believe that natural inclinations may not be claimed by a person.

What character of truth is evidenced by the statement: "All truth is born as a heresy, and dies as a prejudice"?

1) about scientific 2) about absolute

3) about relative 4) about the obvious

20. In the XVI century. Polish scientist N. Copernicus, using calculations, proved that the Earth and other planets solar system revolve around the sun. This discovery is

1) experimentally substantiated fact 2) scientific conclusion

3) generalization of data from everyday observations 4) the result of social cognition

Write down the word missing in the diagram

ANSWER: Empirical

22. Write down the word missing in the diagram:

ANSWER: ability

23. Establish a correspondence between the stages of cognition and the specific operations illustrating them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

15. Both absolute and relative truths:

1) always find their confirmation in practice; 3) give complete, exhaustive knowledge about the subject;

2) are of an objective nature; 4) can be refuted over time.

16. True knowledge as opposed to false:

1) is obtained in the course of cognitive activity; 3) abstracts from minor features;

2) corresponds to the very object of knowledge; 4) stated in scientific language.

17. Are they true the following judgments about false knowledge?

Knowledge is false

A. not relevant to the subject of study.

B. not tested experimentally.

18. Are the following statements about truth correct?

A. Path to absolute truth goes through relative truths.

B. Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.

1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.

19. Are the following judgments about practice as criteria of truth correct?

Practice is a relative criterion of truth, because

A. Not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false.

B. there are phenomena that are not available for practical influence on them.

1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true;

4) both judgments are wrong.

20. Write down the word that is missing in the following phrase:

“Undoubted, unchanging, once and for all established knowledge, a kind of pattern towards which human knowledge aspires, is commonly called ___________ truth.”

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

As is known, objective truth is the content of knowledge that does not depend either on man or on mankind; it is an adequate reflection by the subject of the surrounding world. general characteristics truth is applicable to any form of cognition - both to natural science and to social reflection. However, noting the generality, one should also see the specificity of the manifestation of truth in the reflection of social phenomena. It is necessary to take into account the features of both the object and the subject of cognition, and their relations ...

There is only one objective truth in the social sciences, as in natural science. It cannot be otherwise, if one strictly adheres to the criterion of scientific character in social cognition. But it is also obvious that the process of comprehending objective truth is as difficult as it is endless. The development of social knowledge proceeds through the struggle opposing views, concepts and theories, through their systematic revision. The only objective criterion of truth is practice...

At the same time, one must always keep in mind that the criterion of truth is not a single experience, not a one-time act of verification, but social practice in its historical dimension.

However, practice is a relative criterion of social truth in the sense that it indicates the truth of knowledge only for certain historical conditions. The criterion of practice is so “determined” as to distinguish objective knowledge from subjective opinions and idealistic delusions in order to stimulate the creative development of social cognition, and at the same time so “indefinite” as to allow human knowledge to turn into an “absolute”.

(A.M. Korshunov, V.V. Mantatov)

21. What two definitions of objective truth are given by the authors?

22. What two features of practice as a criterion of truth in the social sciences are mentioned in the text?

23. Describe, based on the knowledge of the course, the features of the object, subject and the results of social cognition.

24. Give three examples confirming any three statements of the authors (of your choice). In each case, write the statement first, and then the corresponding example.

scientific knowledge

25. Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes:

1) established facts; 3) logical reasoning;

2) experimentally substantiated conclusions; 4) results of observations.

26. What is an example of scientific knowledge?

1) twice two - four; 3) business time - fun hour;

27. Which of the following statements is scientific?

1) time flows everywhere in the same way and does not depend on anything;

2) the fate of a person depends on the location of the stars in the sky at the time of his birth;

3) electric current flows through wires just like water through pipes;

4) there is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases.

28. What method of obtaining knowledge is used predominantly at the theoretical level scientific knowledge?

1) measurement of objects; 3) putting forward a hypothesis;

2) description of experimental data; 4) conducting observations.

29. The famous navigator Magellan was looking for the shortest route to India. He used a map showing the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, in the place marked on the map, Magellan did not find the strait. Then he, having studied the descriptions left by his predecessors, suggested that this strait should be to the south. He explored every bay, every bay - and discovered the strait (later named after him) between the mainland and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.

What methods of scientific knowledge did Magellan use? Specify three methods.

30. Name any three features of scientific knowledge and illustrate each of them with an example.

31. Use three examples to reveal the methods of obtaining knowledge inherent in science.

Read the text and do tasks 32-35.

empirical knowledge.

The complexity of the structure of cognitive activity is also due to the fact that at present the layer of empirical cognition seems to be more complex than it was previously thought, where sensory forms of reflection, instrumental-practical means of cognition and abstract-logical means of analysis interact in a single process.<…>

For a long time, the empirical tradition (developed by both materialists and idealists) dominated science, suggesting that the source scientific knowledge are only sense data<…>Even now we have to prove that empirical knowledge is not purely sensory, but involves the use of various rational methods of research.<…>

At the initial stage of empirical knowledge, the researcher, relying on existing knowledge and theoretical concepts, conducts experiments and records the results of individual observations. However, the scattered data obtained at this stage of the study are not, in themselves, the facts of science. They may contain errors associated with deviations in the work of human feelings, incorrect readings of instruments, with incorrect setting of experiments, incorrect interpretation, etc. In other words, the original data (which in the past were just perceived as facts) may contain some random, erroneous elements and subjective layers. In order for them to acquire the significance of scientific facts, they must be cleared of such elements, highlighting what characterizes the objective phenomenon itself.<…>the results of experiments are checked and rechecked, missing information is collected, additional experiments are carried out. The initial data obtained as a result of a whole series of experiments and observations are subject to<…>generalization, classification, typology, establishment of empirical dependencies and regularities, statistical processing, are subject to explanation and interpretation. With the help of these means, it is possible to describe the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible, to express them in the form of factual knowledge.

(A.N. Elsukov)

32. What three components are represented, according to the author, in empirical knowledge?

33. What abstract-logical means, according to the author, allow describing the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible, expressing them in the form of factual knowledge? Name five of any means.

35. The author points out that the empirical tradition dominated science for a long time. Write the names of philosophers who hold a different position, and indicate any two features of their approach to solving the problem of knowing the world.

Spiritual knowledge allows you to separate reality from illusion, material knowledge (the so-called "knowledge") does not allow you to separate reality from illusion. Moreover, people confuse illusion with reality. It turns out that scientific theories and discoveries often arise not so much as a result of logical conclusions, but from a disordered, bizarre and even mystical state of mind. This is acknowledged by the empiricist philosophers themselves. Without denying the usefulness of science, it should be noted that a significant part of it is not much different from science fiction. Entire areas of Western science fall into this category: theories that seem as solid as a rock ...

Spiritual knowledge allows you to separate reality from illusion, material knowledge (the so-called "knowledge") does not allow you to separate reality from illusion. Moreover, people confuse illusion with reality.

It turns out that scientific theories and discoveries often arise not so much as a result of logical conclusions, but from a disordered, bizarre and even mystical state of mind. This is acknowledged by the empiricist philosophers themselves.

Without denying the usefulness of science, it should be noted that a significant part of it is not much different from science fiction. Entire areas of Western science fall into this category: theories that seem solid as a rock and, in fact, underlie most Western science. philosophical teachings, in fact, turn out to be at best unconfirmed, and at worst - just prejudice.

In our times, the phrases "science has proven", "science has discovered" have the same weight as quotations from biblical writings in medieval times. In other words, in society - including among scientists - the same old method of proof “He said himself”, once rejected by Descartes, is in full force. If in the Middle Ages religious dogmatism dominated the minds of people, now dogmatic materialism has replaced it in this post.

There are two ways of knowing: Vedic and "ignorant". The word "Vedic" is not a religious, historical, geographical or theoretical concept invented by people. The Sanskrit word "veda" means "knowledge". Therefore, the expression "Vedic method of knowledge" essentially means "a method of knowledge full of knowledge."

This means that there is also a "method of knowledge full of ignorance." The Vedanta-sutra (2.1.4) explains: "Vedic knowledge is by its very nature different from the theories invented by the minds of men."

They differ fundamentally from each other: one belongs to the material nature, the other to the spiritual. “Material”, “spiritual” are not just words, they are scientific designations, terms.

The Vedic method of knowledge is scientific. What is its science? The Vedic method of cognition is characterized by the term "spiritual".

Spiritual substance has:

1. Eternity, immutability;
2. The fullness of knowledge.

BUT features matters are:

1. Fragility, inconstancy, perishability;
2. Ignorance, stupidity, inertia.

Careful analysis of the situation shows that materialistic scientists have no knowledge. In fact, it should be so, by the nature of things. Materialist scientist - translated into the language of the Vedas, means a scientist immersed in ignorance.

Fragment from a lecture by E.M. Vrajendra Kumara Prabhu, The Retribution for the Autonomy of the Soul.