Help on Tele2, tariffs, questions

slide 2

slide 3

slide 4

slide 5

slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

slide 10

slide 11

slide 12

1 slide

The role of religion in the life of society Goals and objectives: to introduce the essence of religion, to show signs of religious consciousness, the role of religion in society, the main ideas of each of the world religions, to explain the essence of the principle of freedom of conscience

2 slide

Religion is a worldview and attitude, as well as appropriate behavior based on the belief in the existence of God or gods, supernatural. An attribute of religious consciousness is a specially cultivated moral and emotional act - an act of faith. Religious faith consists of: 1) conviction (faith) in the truth of the foundations of religious teaching; 2) knowledge of religious dogmas; 3) recognition and following religious norms morality; 4) obligatory observance of religious rites and prescriptions. Distinctive features of religion beliefs rituals ethos (moral view of the systemic position) world of symbols Main approaches to the study of religion confessional (religious, atheistic) phenomenological (the study of religion as a phenomenon)

3 slide

Structure of religion: religious consciousness; religious cult; religious organization. There are two levels of religious consciousness: religious ideology (a systematic presentation of religious dogmas); religious psychology (religious ideas and feelings of believers).

4 slide

A religious cult is a system of symbolic actions by which believers seek to influence the supernatural. To unite believers, there are religious organizations and a special group of people, the clergy, which leads cult activities. Main organizational forms religions are the church and sects. The Church is a hierarchical religious organization of the clergy and believers, based on the commonality of religious dogmas and a cult system. Sects are relatively small in number, closed religious communities that do not share the views of the dominant church.

5 slide

The functions of religion are the various ways of its activity, the nature and direction of the influence of religion on individuals and society. Functions of religion 1. Worldview (religious worldview, explanation of the world, nature, man, the meaning of his existence, worldview, worldview, worldview). 2. Compensatory (social inequality is compensated by equality in sinfulness, suffering; human disunity is replaced by brotherhood in Christ, in the community, human impotence is compensated by the omnipotence of God. 3. Communicative (“communion with God” - supreme view communication, it occurs in cult activity, the communication of believers with each other).

6 slide

4. Regulatory (regulator of people's behavior, organizes the thoughts, aspirations and actions of people, groups, communities with the help of certain ideas, values, attitudes, traditions). 5. Integrating (the direction of bringing people together, their behavior, activities, thoughts, feelings, aspirations, efforts of social groups and institutions in order to maintain the stability of society, the stability of the individual, the common religion). 6. Cultural transmission (introducing a person to the cultural values ​​and traditions of religious culture, the development of writing, printing, art, the transfer of the accumulated heritage from generation to generation). 7. Legitimizing (the legitimization of certain social orders, institutions, relations of norms, samples from the point of view of the highest requirement - the maxim, on the basis of which an assessment of certain phenomena is given and a certain attitude towards them is formed).

7 slide

Initially, the object of worship was a real-life object - a fetish. Then a totem appears - a plant or animal that a person considered his ancestor and protector. Totemism is replaced by animism - a belief in the universal animation of nature. Thus, religion goes through four stages in its development: 1) belief in spirits; 2) polytheism (polytheism) - belief in gods, higher beings similar to a person, but differing from him in power and immortality, personifying all the forces of the surrounding nature and exercising supreme leadership various types activities; 3) the transition from polytheism to monotheism (monotheism); 4) the exit of a religious cult beyond the boundaries of one people.

8 slide

Religions of the World National World Tribal Christianity Orthodoxy Catholicism Protestantism 2. Islam Sunnism Shiism 3. Buddhism Hinduism Sikhism Shintoism Judaism Confucianism Fetishism Totemism Cult of Ancestors Shamanism Magic

9 slide

Signs of world religions: 1) a huge number of followers (Christianity - about 1.4 billion, Islam - about 1 billion, Buddhism - about 350 million); 2) cosmopolitan nature: these religions go beyond individual nationalities and states; 3) egalitarianism, preaching national and social equality; 4) propaganda activity.

10 slide

World religions Buddhism Christianity Islam - Hinayana - Tantrism - Lamaism - Mahayana - Orthodoxy - Catholicism - Protestantism - Sunnism - Shiism - Kharijism

11 slide

Buddhism is the oldest of the world religions. It arose at the turn of the VI-V centuries. BC e. in India, and then spread to the countries of Southeast Asia and the Far East. Fundamentals of Buddhist doctrine: suffering rules the world; the cause of suffering is life itself with its passions and desires; you can get away from suffering only by plunging into nirvana; there is a way, a method by which he who knows the truth can get rid of suffering and reach nirvana. Two paths of salvation: Hinayana ("narrow vehicle") and Mahayama ("broad vehicle"). The legendary founder of this religion, Siddharta Gautama, called the Buddha (Enlightened One), developed an eight-step path to achieve truth and approach nirvana: 1) righteous faith; 2) true determination; 3) righteous speech; 4) righteous deeds; 5) a righteous life; 6) righteous thought; 7) righteous thoughts; 8) true contemplation. The goal of Buddhism is not to gain immortality, but to get rid of the rebirth of one's soul (from karma).

12 slide

Lhasa. Potala Palace (Buddha Mountain) For a long time the palace was the residence of the Dalai Lamas. The complex includes more than 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and 20,000 statues.

13 slide

Statue of Buddha Sakyamuni. Jkong in Lhasa. The statue depicts the Buddha at the age of 16. The statue is the size of a man. Cast from 5 metals (gold, silver, zinc, iron and copper), decorated with diamonds, rubies, lapis lazuli, emerald. Buddhist symbol of worship.

14 slide

Jerusalem. Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The construction of the temple began under Emperor Constantine in 326. The temple was built over the cave of the burial of Christ. 4 churches have rights to the temple: Roman Catholic, Jerusalem, Armenian and Coptic.

15 slide

Christianity appears in the I-II centuries. in a developed society with acute social contradictions. Thanks to the availability of its dogmas, Christianity has become the most widespread in the world. The main provisions of the dogma: the original sinfulness of the human race (original sin of Adam and Eve); the divine trinity: God the Father (creator), God the Son (Jesus Christ, the Savior) and God the Holy Spirit (personal experience of the confirmation and existence of God), existing “inseparably, inseparably, but not mixed”; the divine-human nature of Jesus Christ (the son of a mortal woman and God); the suffering of Jesus and his death on the cross as atonement for human sins; the resurrection of Jesus as a guarantee of salvation immortal souls the righteous; belief in the existence of heaven for the righteous and hell for sinners; faith in the second coming" of Jesus Christ for the judgment of the living and the dead, the encouragement of the righteous and the punishment of sinners, the establishment of the Kingdom of God on Earth; the cult of suffering as a repetition of the Passion of the Lord; the commandment of love for all mankind, complete spiritual humility and self-abasement. The main branches of Christianity are: 1) Orthodoxy; 2) Catholicism; 3) Protestantism.

16 slide

Entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher A low gate leads to the courtyard of the temple. A rhinestone during the passage to the courtyard sees the stone of Anointing, on which the body of Christ lay after being taken down from the cross.

17 slide

In the center of the hall there is a chapel (Edicule), which has two limits: the limit of the Angel and the Life-Giving Sepulcher of the Lord - a cave (length - 2 m, width - 1.5 m). It contains a marble headstone set into the wall. For many centuries now Great Saturday a miraculous phenomenon of the Holy Fire appears on the Holy Sepulcher.

18 slide

Assumption Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (Sergiev Posad) It was founded in 1345 by Sergius of Radonezh. The Trinity Monastery played a prominent role in the political, spiritual and cultural life of the state.

19 slide

Alexander Nevsky Lavra (St. Petersburg). Founded by Peter the Great. The relics of Alexander Nevsky are located.

20 slide

21 slide

22 slide

Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral, Intercession Cathedral)

23 slide

24 slide

25 slide

26 slide

Notre Dame de Paris (Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris) was founded in 1163 by Louis VII. Built over 100 years. Accommodates up to 10,000 people.

In different periods of history, mankind has sought to express
attitude towards religion and religious beliefs. Today
it is important to recognize that religion in the history of the peoples of the world occupies
an important place and it is not just a belief or disbelief in the gods. Religion
pervades the lives of the peoples of all continents. with religious
rituals are born and dies a person. ethics, morality,
morality in most countries was religious
character. Many cultural achievements are associated with religion:
icon painting, architecture, sculpture, painting, etc.

Religions of the world

Features of Faith

Faith also includes

Buddhism

Buddhism

Buddhist monk

Lhasa. Potala Palace (Buddha Mountain)

Statue of Buddha Sakyamuni. Jkong in Lhasa.

Christianity

Entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Christian commandments

Catholicism

Catholicism

Catholicism is the largest branch of Christianity

Holidays

Orthodoxy

The most revered holidays in Orthodoxy

Orthodox churches

Patriarch Nikon - reformer of the Russian Orthodox Church

Islam

Islam

Topic 1 Religion as a subject of religious studies and how social institution Educational questions: 1. Modern religious situation in the world and Russia. 2. History of occurrence, subject, methods, goals and objectives of religious studies. 3. The concept of religion as a phenomenon in society.

SHARE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, CONSIDERING THAT RELIGION PLAYS A “VERY IMPORTANT” ROLE IN THEIR LIFE (in %) “Attempts to form ideas about God from the standpoint of reason are “lust of curiosity”. God can only be known by faith. I believe because it's ridiculous." (Tertullian, Christian theologian) 3

PROJECTED GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF FOLLOWERS OF DIFFERENT RELIGIONS IN THE WORLD (million people) It is believed that no more than 15% of people have a "talent" of religious perception of the world, the remaining 85% can believe and join religion, go to church, because it is customary 4

COMPOSITION OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (in %) 5 Every fifth Russian considers himself a believer and strives to observe all the rituals prescribed by his religion. Another 42% identify themselves as believers rather than non-believers. And 18% of respondents believe that there are higher power. There are few convinced atheists among unbelievers - only 4%, the remaining 10% described themselves as "rather unbelievers." (VCIOM, 2006)

RELIGIOUS STUDIES Religious science is a humanitarian discipline that studies the essence of religion, historical stages its development and current state Identification of the essence of religion, determination of its role in the life of a person and society Characteristics of the main stages in the development of religion and its historical forms Analysis of the content of the most common world and national religions, their past and present Determination of the role and place of religion in the system of spiritual culture of mankind Analysis points of view on the causes and circumstances of the emergence of religion The subject of religious studies is the patterns of emergence, development and functioning of religion as one of the forms of worldview, its distribution, influence on the political, economic and cultural life population of the Earth, as well as the change in religious traditions and the current state of religious teachings and church organizations, their relationship with society and the state Strict objectivity, concrete historical consideration of the subject Tolerance, tolerance, dialogue of religious and non-religious worldviews Consideration of religion in the context of the development of the spiritual culture of mankind Inadmissibility of educating students in the spirit of any faith Freedom of conscience (i.e. free religion and freedom of atheistic teachings) 6

Philosophy of religion This is a picture of the world in certain creeds, which includes answers to the questions: What is a person? What is the outside world? What should I do? In the second meaning, the philosophy of religion is the theoretical understanding of the religious phenomenon with the help of philosophical methods of cognition. The Phenomenology of Religion The object is the recurring structures in different religions, a withdrawn form of religiosity. In all religions there are some basic elements, irrespective of the spatio-temporal content. These are symbols with the help of which sacred communication is carried out, as well as subjective and objective phenomena as a consequence of this communication. Subjective phenomena in religion are religious feeling, conviction, piety, piety, holiness, dissatisfaction with earthly things, faith in an intermediary. Objective phenomena include rituals, prayers, sacrifices, the concept of sin and redemption. History of Religion Examines the movement of religion over time. With the help of comparative, structural, systemic analysis, it processes an array of historical facts that are directly and indirectly related to the emergence, preservation and extinction of religious processes. Psychology of Religion It studies the religious consciousness and behavior of an individual, as well as the processes of accepting religious beliefs, the adaptation of an adherent of religion to public life, the impact of religious practices on the psyche. Sociology of religion Explores the functioning of religion in society, its influence on the formation of social groups, as well as the relationship between religion and politics, religion and power. Here religion is seen as a social subsystem. 7

BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF RELIGION (from Latin ecclesiastical, confessional), i.e. religious. Scientists who adhere to this approach belong to specific confessions (churches, religions), in this regard, building a picture of the development of religion, comparing and contrasting different religious teachings, they have their own ultimate goal to affirm the truth of one's religion, to prove its superiority over others. It sometimes happens that, considering the history of religions as historical process, they generally do not include general review information about "their" religion, believing that it should be considered separately, outside the general course of history, according to a special methodology. This approach can also be called apologetic (from the Greek. defensive). He considers people's faith in God as a mistake, a temporary, transient, but occupying a certain place in history phenomenon. For this approach, it is not so much religion itself that is more important, but the history of its outliving in human consciousness. As a rule, researchers who adhere to atheistic positions pay great attention to the social, economic, and political side of religious life, while the subtleties of dogma interest them to a much lesser extent, and sometimes even distract and annoy them as something insignificant and even ridiculous. (from Gr. - a phenomenon, a given) An approach from the point of view of which religion is described and studied without regard to the problem of the existence or non-existence of God. If religion exists as a phenomenon, then it can and should be studied. An important role in the phenomenological study of religions was played by cultural historians, archaeologists, ethnographers, art historians, i.e. all researchers whose fields of interest naturally came into contact with religious life both in antiquity and at present. They may be interested historical role a church that they consider at some stage to be reactionary, hindering human progress, or positive and progressive, or neutral towards it. "Religion is a special system of spiritual activity of people, the specificity of which is determined by its focus on illusory supernatural objects" (Scientific atheism) 8

DEFINITIONS OF THE CONCEPT "RELIGION" Philosophical T. Hobbes: Religion is an invention made by the state. (And the inventions not allowed by him are superstitions). G. Hegel: Religion is a kind of understanding and representation of what exists by man. Psychological S. Freud: Religion is a universal collective neurosis, a consequence of feelings of fear, guilt and the unsuccessful struggle of a person with his natural unconscious drives. K. Jung: Religion is a product of the "collective unconscious", developed and processed into a system of symbols, the ancient archetypes of humanity. Cultural E.Taylor: Religion is the result of the mental activity of individuals, faith in "spiritual beings", based on a person's interest in special conditions: sleep, fainting, illness. Theological A. Men: Religion is "the refraction of being in the minds of people." 9

STRUCTURE OF RELIGION Religious consciousnessReligious activityReligious organization Specific form public consciousness, which includes two levels Represent ordered groups of people who collectively send religious rites Religious psychology: totality religious feelings, images, disparate ideas, chaotic visions, emotions, moods of believers Religious ideology: a coherent system of ideas and theories that outline the foundations of the dogma of a particular religion Carried out in a cult and non-cult form Non-cult activities are carried out in the spiritual and practical spheres. Spiritual: production of religious ideas, systematization and interpretation of the dogmas of theology. Practical: religious propaganda, missionary work, etc. Cult is a system of special actions by which people seek to influence supernatural beings, properties and relationships that are the subject of their faith The Church is a community of believers connected by unity Christian doctrine, hierarchy and sacraments A sect is an opposition movement in relation to previously established, dominant religious trends A charismatic cult is a kind of sect created on the basis of an association of adherents of a particular personality (charisma) A denomination is an intermediate type, depending on the nature of education and the trend of evolution, connecting in itself the features of the church and the sect. "Religion - faith, spiritual faith, confession, worship of God or basic spiritual beliefs" (V. Dahl) 10

THE STRUCTURE OF A RELIGIOUS CULT A religious cult is a social form of the objectification of religious consciousness, the realization of religious faith in the actions of a social group or individual individuals. The cult system is a set of certain rituals. RITE A set of stereotypical actions established by the custom or tradition of a particular social community, symbolizing certain ideas, norms, ideals and ideas other post Circle of annual worship Circle of weekly worship Circle of daily worship - nine services "Religion will forever be needed by the individual in order to overcome forebodings and fear of death, misfortune and fatal fate" (B. Malinovsky) 11

FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION Worldview Consists in the transfer by religion to a person of a worldview, worldview, worldview, worldview Existential Consists of its internal support of a person for whom it acts as a sense-forming factor Integrating Consists of uniting society around the same principles and directing society along a certain path of development Political Consists of its ability to influence on the state system The legitimizing essence is that for the stable existence of the social system it is necessary to observe and follow certain legal patterns of behavior as a source of unity of certain social communities on the basis of a particular creed, religion simultaneously opposes these The social essence is that the impact of religion on the individual and society in several interrelated directions can lead to different consequences. The functions of religion are understood as the nature and direction of the impact of religion on individuals and society, or, more simply, that “religion gives each specific person, this or that community, society as a whole, how it affects people's lives Educational Encourages a person to accept and implement in his life a certain system of moral values ​​12

FORMS OF RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS Religious (lat.) - connection with God, veneration of the gods; means faith, a special view of the world, conviction in the existence of the supernatural, a set of ritual and cult actions, as well as associations of believers in a special organization Faith in many gods (paganism) Faith in one God Identification of God with nature 13

STRUCTURAL HIERARCHY OF RELIGION RELIGION DIRECTIONS OF DENOMATIONS Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Mandeism, Zoroastrianism, Yezidism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism and new ones formed in the 19th - 20th centuries. (Bahaism, etc.) ON THE EXAMPLE OF CHRISTIANITY: Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism, Monophysitism, Nestorianism ON THE EXAMPLE OF PROTESTANTISM: Anglicanism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, Mennoniteism, Baptism, Adventism, Restorationism, Methodism, Perfectionism, Pentecostalism, Salvationism, etc. ON THE EXAMPLE OF ADVENTISM : Seventh-day Adventists, Reform Adventists, etc. 14

Buddhism originated in the 6th century. BC. In India, CHRISTIANITY arose in the 1st century. AD in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, ISLAM arose in the 7th century. AD in Western Arabia Hinayana Lamaism Mahayana Orthodoxy XI century. Catholicism in the 11th century Harijism Sunnism Shiism Protestantism of the 16th century. Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, India, Burma China, Korea, Japan Tibet, Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia There are 15 autocephalous churches in Orthodoxy. They exist in Europe and America. On the territory of the former USSR, it is common in Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus. It is confessed by Azerbaijanis, Persians and Kurds from Turkmenistan and Bukhara. Zanzibar in Tanzania MAIN WORLD RELIGIOUS SYSTEMS Characteristics: lack of ethnocentrism, social flexibility, proselytizing 16

RELIGION AS A PHENOMENON Religion is a stable belief in the supernatural and the possibility of contact with it through certain actions (rites) COMPOSITION OF RELIGION AS A PHENOMENON in accordance with the canonical establishments of a given religion A public institution that unites adherents of a given religion A public institution that unites adherents of a given religion Belief God Cult Church Norm Norms of morality that have received consecration in the system of dogmas of a given religion Norms of morality that have received consecration in the system of dogmas of a given religion Human religion - social costume that can be removed and changed. If this costume were purely ideological, then such beliefs would change very often, because beliefs in general are changeable. But in religion, the essence of the matter is not in beliefs, not in certain complexes of ideas, but in the sensory-emotional experiences of faith by a person. (P. Sorokin) 17