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Ghost or apparition - a supernatural phenomenon that manifests itself in the form of a humanoid figure, may have the features of both some dead person and mythical creature that appear in visible or other form in material world or a vision relating to people or even events from the past.

ghosts with scientific point vision

So, according to one of the scientific hypotheses, ghosts are the reaction of the brain to certain external influences, expressed in the appearance of hallucinations, or, in other words, images that do not exist in reality. For example, the appearance of ghosts can be caused by the use of drugs or alcohol, or by prolonged fasting. In addition, there are a number mental illness in which patients may experience hallucinations.

"Classification"

As if copying the functions of human activity, ghosts also acquired a kind of “classification”, that is, the type and tasks during their appearance to people. Of course, few people know their true goals for sure - it's just that those who deal with phantom entities conditionally divided them into several categories.

Settled ghosts

According to some experts, ghosts or ghosts can be settled and wandering. Settled ghosts include incorporeal substances that appear every now and then in the same specific places: in cemeteries, in old houses or apartments. These are usually “restless souls” - posthumous images of people who were not buried in time according to all the rules of the cult, who did not complete some very important work during their lifetime or committed a bad deed or crime.

Almost always, settled ghosts appear not in the burial grounds, but in the place of their death. The exception is the "cemetery watchman" - the soul of the first person buried in a particular cemetery. According to numerous beliefs, such a ghost constantly wanders around the cemetery, scaring away evil spirit and visitors to necropolises with bad intentions.

wandering ghosts

Wandering ghosts are usually unpredictable. They can appear in a variety of, sometimes quite unusual places. There are eyewitness accounts who saw ghosts on board a flying plane and in a train vestibule, in a dental chair, behind a factory machine, and even ... in a tank turret.

They say that the basis of wandering ghosts is the so-called messenger ghosts, or messenger ghosts - the souls of often strangers who come to a person in order to warn him about something or convey some news. However, some real visions can be classified as natural phenomena - mirages. And only no more than 3–5% of such visions are connected with the unknown sphere of contacts between living people and representatives underworld.

Often, wandering ghosts can project an event from the past that is played over and over again. In other words, this is a kind of "record" of an event, as if the witness sees an imprint of the past, when the vision was still a reality. Then this event can be repeated more than once.

The most popular haunt for wandering ghosts is the Tower of London. Another such place is the village of Gettysburg in American Pennsylvania. Many times soldiers from the American Civil War have been spotted there. Some believe that the soldiers are still fighting, as if they did not realize that they had already died. From the side, they are seen as wandering ghosts. Some paranormal experts believe that such a phenomenon is a cast of the battle, because the event was "recorded" and is now constantly played. But why and by whom?

Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that during such dramatic events, so much energy and emotions were released that they seemed to be "imprinted" in the material world. But why are some of the people able to see such a surge of energy, while others are not? This may depend on the fact that some people are more sensitive in terms of mental perception.

apparitions

Apparition ghosts are not very powerful phantoms, living in a cyclic pattern. Their brothers, who have more energy, manifest themselves as "messengers". As a rule, they have information that they once needed to convey. Of course, they are not trying to say or explain anything. It's just that the inertia of their behavior is such that the ghost performs actions that were extremely necessary for this person during his lifetime. The dead can lead to the place of his death. Hidden treasure - in place of the treasure. The robber - to where he hid the loot ...

If the treasures belonged to a person during his lifetime, then after death he can fiercely protect them from treasure seekers. There is even a legend about the famous pirate, Captain Kid, who was hanged in the best pirate tradition. The sailor buried the stolen jewelry in a secluded place, after which he dealt with those who helped him hide them. He allegedly ordered the ghosts of these victims to guard their wealth. Many years later, treasure hunters were able to get to the iron chest, but as soon as they made an attempt to pull it out of the pit, it failed, and an angry ghost of a pirate appeared instead.

Ghost Messengers

These ghosts visit people for a specific purpose. In essence, they are the souls of the dead who return to the world of the living to convey some kind of warning or message, most often to family or friends. At the same time, the phantom rarely speaks, preferring to point to a particular object or convey its message using gestures or signs. Experts recommend that their messages be treated with due attention.

Many beliefs speak of ghosts, whose appearance is associated with the performance of a specific task or assignment. Some return to exact retribution and expose the killer. Others are trying to correct the injustice committed against someone from the living. For example, they make sure that money or other valuable thing is returned to its rightful owner. Ghosts can also appear in order to make amends for their own bad deeds committed during their lifetime.

In addition, some foreign phantomologists single out the so-called crisis ghosts and those perceived collectively. Sometimes two more categories are added: posthumous and informative.

hallucinatory ghosts

Hallucinatory ghosts do not leave a physical trace of being in the material world, and if they do, it is only in the memory and souls of eyewitnesses. Phantom ones are able to behave like real people. They perform a normal sequence of actions: they call, enter, greet, talk, say goodbye and, most importantly, sometimes leave traces of their stay. These can be notes, household items moved from place to place, open or, conversely, closed doors, footprints on the floor, and the like.

Among phantom ghosts, scientists distinguish two more categories: spontaneously generated by a medium during a spiritualistic session and arising in the process of magnetic influence on a sensitive person (an overly sensitive person, a psychic) ​​with his introduction into a somnambulistic state (a special kind of hypnosis).

Such "magnetic" phantoms can also have different degrees of materialization: from the very initial, when they are able to penetrate obstacles, such as walls, to more and more complete - being reflected in a mirror, leaving traces or an image on photographic film, causing sensations of cold and humidity, and and then move objects. However, the most fully "reified" ghosts appear only during mediumistic materializations.

With regard to "everyday" ghosts, which appear repeatedly, a gradual weakening of the manifestations of their "life activity" is noticed. This is due to the accumulation of so-called light fatigue - the destructive effect of light. Perhaps that is why the ghosts are dressed, avoid appearing in the light and choose the twilight or dark time of the day, and sometimes limit themselves to showing their presence invisibly. In some cases, they are sometimes recognized by sensitives or animals. It is worth adding to this that in some countries they believe in their own, local ghosts.

crisis ghosts

Such ghosts appear to an eyewitness shortly before, during, or shortly after some kind of critical or tragic event, such as an accident, a dangerous illness, or death. Such entities appear to people most often, and they usually take the form of relatives or friends of the eyewitness, with whom misfortune will happen, is happening now or has already happened. It happens mainly within half a day before or after it. True, in some cases ghosts appear outside the semi-diurnal time interval.

These phantoms often come to people during wars, when they are worried about the fate of loved ones, especially if they are fighting somewhere very far away. There are many testimonies of people who clearly saw a relative who visited them for a moment and then disappeared. Later it became known that the one who was seen died just when his ghostly essence appeared.

The category of collectively perceived includes cases when several people, independently of each other, see the same ghost in the same place at the same time. But such occurrences are relatively rare. It is important to note that if a ghost appeared before the eyes of the team, then not all those present necessarily see it. Often household ghosts collectively perceive groups of 2 to 8 people, sometimes up to 40-80. But ghosts associated with religion can be seen by thousands of people at the same time.

Banshee

Common in Ireland. They foretell death with their piercing cry. And this cry is so terrible that the one who hears it immediately dies. If the person did not die while screaming, it will happen soon. The most curious thing is that the banshee is a purely Irish ghost, and it predicts death only to the Irish, and even to those who have long left Ireland. Sometimes a banshi can appear before the eyes in the form of a red-haired pale beauty with eyes red from tears, in a green cloak thrown over a grave shroud. But it can also be an ugly old woman with gray hair fluttering in the wind.

A ghost or ghost is the spirit of a deceased person. Scientists say that there are no real ghosts, but many people believe in their existence. There are a huge number of stories about ghosts. Many books have been written about them and more than one film has been made. There is an opinion that a ghost is the spirit of a person who was killed by someone or who died without repentance. The ghost may stay on Earth because he wants to say goodbye to loved ones, or he has unfinished business, having completed which, he can leave Earth forever. According to legend, ghosts live in a certain place, for example, in an abandoned house, in a cemetery.

Many say that they saw, heard and felt ghosts next to them. The ghost may manifest as a feeling of cold and light or as a foggy cloud, but sometimes eyewitnesses claim to have seen ghosts that are more like people. People who try to contact ghosts as part of their job are called mediums. Attempts to contact the spirit of the deceased are called séances.

Ghosts can be bad and good. However, not a single case when they hurt a person or killed him has not been scientifically confirmed, although there are many stories about this. In most cases, the sight of a ghost causes fear in a person, especially if he saw him suddenly. However, there are many stories in which ghosts are friendly and help people in a difficult situation in every possible way.

A ghost can appear immediately after a person's death, and exist for centuries. Various stories and urban legends have been invented about these paranormal creatures. Many try to prove their existence with the help of special technologies such as thermal sensors, cameras and video cameras. There have been TV shows dedicated to proving that ghosts really exist. Journalists investigate cases where a person saw or contacted the spirit of the deceased, and also visit places where this unusual meeting took place.

Ghost stories can be found all over the world. The Chinese philosopher Confucius said: Respect ghosts and gods, but stay away from them».

Belief in the existence of ghosts (animism) is widespread among people: it is present in the culture of almost all peoples of the world. Obviously, its appearance is associated with the cult of ancestors - an ancient and widespread form of poletheism, based on the worship of deceased parents and relatives, and the belief that the spirits of ancestors magically participate in the life of their descendants.

Although ghosts are mostly called the souls of dead people, there are many legends and beliefs about the ghosts of animals, planes, ships, entire armies and cities. The concept of "ghost" generalizes a number of phenomena, sometimes having different origins. It is used by observing the following phenomena:

1. Figures of a person, reminiscent of the deceased, capable of passing through walls, flying, suddenly appearing and disappearing before the eyes of eyewitnesses.
2. Some unidentified creatures that resemble humans, but differ from them in capabilities and anatomical structure (Mothman, Jumper Jack, Bigfoot).
3. The appearance in the air of persons or other parts of the human body.
4. Ghostly beasts or vehicles.
5. The appearance in the photo during its development of objects that were not there at the time of photographing (incomprehensible shadows, human faces, lights, luminous clouds, etc.).

Although many people believe in ghosts, science does not recognize their existence, and explains specific cases for one reason or another. The most popular of them:

1. hallucinations that people can see during certain illnesses, with mental disorders or with the use of psychotropic and narcotic drugs.
2. Illusions associated with an unusual combination of visual images, lighting features, observation of objects that have not been seen before in a given perspective, etc. Unlike hallucinations, optical illusions can be fixed by technical means.
3. Mirages- optical phenomena in the atmosphere, when, together with real an existing facility or part of the sky you can see its reflection in the atmosphere.
4. Film defects, hardware failure, glare etc. Most of the ghosts "documented" in photos and videos are explained as glare from light sources pointed at the lens but out of view.
5. Conscious hoaxes. It has long been proven that some of the documentary evidence that confirms the existence of ghosts is simply fake, made to draw attention to specific individuals or to advertise certain places.

Video: Do ​​ghosts really exist?

Since ancient times. Some describe them as visions and strange light, the feeling of someone's presence in the room, noises or a sudden drop in temperature.

Others have smelled the dead person's favorite food, heard their favorite song, or seen items fall off shelves and doors open and close on their own.

For many of them, such an experience is irrefutable proof of the existence of ghosts. But scientists have found several possible explanations phenomena often attributed to ghosts.

Do ghosts exist?

1. electrical stimulation brain

Frightened eyewitnesses from around the world say that see shadows of people. These dark entities, which are seen out of the corner of the eye, disappear immediately after a person comes face to face with them.

Many believe that these are demons, others - what is it astral bodies, and still others claim that they are time travelers. But some researchers have proposed another unexpected version.

When Swiss scientists using electricity stimulated the brain of epileptics, the result was somewhat eerie.

One patient spoke about the shadow of a man who sat behind her and copied her every move. If the patient sat down, the shadow sat down with her; if she bent over and grabbed her knee, the shadow tried to hold her back. When the doctors asked the woman to read from the card, the shadow tried to take it away.

As it turned out, scientists stimulated the left temporoparietal node - area of ​​the brain that determines our idea of ​​our own "I". By interfering with this area, which helps us to distinguish ourselves from other people, the doctors disrupted the patient's ability to understand her own body, and this led to the creation of a shadow of personality.

Scientists believe this will help explain why so many people, both healthy and schizophrenic, encounter ghosts, aliens and other creatures.

How to summon a ghost?

2. Ideomotor effect

The Spiritualist movement gained popularity in the 1840s and 1850s and allowed people to communicate with deceased relatives. Ouija board used during séances covered with letters, numbers and in simple terms("Yes or no"). People put their hands on the tablet and asked the spirits a question. The spirit answered by moving the planchette from letter to letter, giving the answer.

Another method of communicating with spirits was rocking table. During the session, people gathered at the table and put their hands on the surface of the table. To everyone's surprise, the table began to move, leaning on one leg, rising off the ground and moving around the room.

Perhaps in many cases there were scammers, but were all these sessions really nothing more than a scam? The famous physicist Michael Faraday conducted an experiment and found that the table often moved due to the so-called ideomotor effect. This effect occurs when the power of suggestion causes our muscles to move unconsciously. People were expecting the table to move, and so it began to move.

A similar event occurred in 1853, when four physicians performed an experimental session. When they told half the participants that the table would move to the right and half that it would move to the left, the table didn't budge. When they reported that he would move in one direction, the ideomotor effect worked again. The same can be said for the Ouija board when our muscles, not spirits, point to words.

Is it a real ghost?

3. Infrasound

When British researcher Vic Tandy saw a gray ghost next to his desk one day, he thought his lab was haunted. But the next day, the scientist made an interesting discovery.

When he was preparing for a fencing competition, he put his sword in the holder and noticed that it vibrates on its own. He suddenly realized that what was making his sword shake was infrasound.

Humans can hear sounds up to 20,000 Hertz, but cannot pick up sounds below 20 hertz. These "quiet" noises are called infrasound and although we cannot see them, we can feel them as vibrations. We can feel these waves, especially in the stomach, and this can create a positive sensation, such as awe, or a negative one, anxiety. In certain settings, such as a frightening home, this can lead to feelings of panic.

Thunderstorm, wind, certain weather conditions and even household utensils can produce infrasounds. As Vic Tandy watched the trembling sword, he remembered that a new fan had been installed in the laboratory that vibrated at a frequency below 19 hertz. Since the resonant frequency of the eyeball is approximately 20 Hertz, the infrasound caused vibration and created images that were not there. After the fan was turned off, the ghosts no longer appeared.

Some scientists believe that the vibrations explain the paranormal activity in some places. So Richard Wiseman, who explored two underground sites, discovered the presence of infrasound, which came from traffic above.

How to see a ghost

4. Automatic

channeling- the ability of "otherworldly forces" to control the human body - was one of the oldest attempts of mankind to communicate with the worlds of spirits. The idea was to clear your mind, connect with some kind of cosmic consciousness, and let the ancient spirit take over your body.

It was believed that the shamans of ancient religions were able to receive information from the dead. Although modern mediums often resort to fraud, some people sincerely believe in what they are doing.

An explanation for this could be automatism or altered state of consciousness when a person speaks and thinks about things that he is not aware of. When the medium clears his mind, he begins to look for a spirit that enters his body and supplies him with secret knowledge about the world. In fact, at this time, random ideas and thoughts begin to appear in his head, and he believes that they came to him from another reality. However ideas come from his own head, and our brain is able to generate them without any effort on the part of consciousness.

Remember how often something inspired you out of the blue? How often do you have strange nightmares and daydreams? All this is not the other world, but our brain has played out.

ghost stories

5. Drafts

Imagine walking through a frightening, dilapidated house in the middle of the night and suddenly feel the air chill. But as soon as you take a few steps to the left or right, the temperature returns to normal. Parapsychologists call this phenomenon " cold place"- a place of paranormal activity. They explain this by the fact that the spirit needs energy, and in order to appear, it receives it from the environment, including people.

But scientists have a simpler and more boring explanation for this phenomenon. When skeptics studied haunted houses, they tended to find that cool air entered the house through a chimney or window.

But, even if the room is isolated, this can be quite rationally explained. Every object has a different temperature, and some surfaces are hotter than others. To balance room temperature, an object tries to give off heat in a process called convection.

In this case, hot air rises and cool air falls. When dry air enters a humid room, the dry air settles on the floor and the moist air rises to the ceiling. This circulating air will feel cold on the person's skin, giving the impression of a cold place.

Photos of ghosts

6. Camera

Many also claim that glowing spheres of light are the spirits of dead people who have not completely left this world. These spheres are invisible to the eye, but they can be seen in photographs.

However, skeptics are relentless and explain that when a particle of dust or a small insect is very close to the camera, it will be visible in the photographs as a fuzzy circle. Thanks to the flash, the sphere will look like it's glowing, and it's easy to mistake it for a ghost.

Even most of those who believe in ghosts are rather skeptical about the spheres in the photographs. Parapsychologist Pamela Heath believes there are several natural causes for them, including fine hairs, dirty or wet lenses, lens reflection and movement during shooting. Many sites stopped accepting such photos, as there were too many fakes among them.

haunted house

7. Carbon monoxide poisoning

In 1921, ophthalmologist William Wilmer published an unusual paper in the American Journal of Ophthalmology. It told the story of the "H" family and their haunted house. The house was filled with the sounds of slamming doors, moving furniture, and footsteps in an empty room. One of the children felt something land on him, while the other was attacked by a mysterious stranger.

During the night, the mistress of the house woke up and saw a man and a woman at the foot of the bed, who then disappeared. family members experienced fatigue and depression and the plants in the house began to die. And then they found a faulty boiler in the house, which was supposed to raise smoke to the chimney, but instead it filled the house. As it turned out, the family suffered from carbon monoxide poisoning.

Carbon monoxide It is a colorless, odorless gas that is very difficult to detect. It is dangerous because red blood cells absorb carbon monoxide more easily than oxygen, and oxygen starvation leads to symptoms such as weakness, nausea, confusion, hallucinations, and eventually death, as happened in this family.

A similar incident occurred in 2005 when a woman saw a ghost in her bathroom. As it turned out, paranormal activity was caused by a leaky water heater that filled the house with carbon monoxide.

Real events and ghosts

8 Mass Hysteria

In June 2013, more than 3,000 workers went on strike at a garment factory in Gazipur, Bangladesh. They did not complain about long working hours or improved wages, but asked to deal with ghost in the toilet. An angry ghost attacked the workers in the women's restroom, causing a general panic. A riot ensued, and the police had to restore order.

A similar event happened at Patong School in Phuket, when 22 students were hospitalized after seeing the ghost of an old woman.

Both workers and students became victims psychological phenomenon called mass hysteria. These collective illusions arise when people are under a lot of stress, usually in an oppressive environment (strict school or busy work).

Repressed stress leads to symptoms such as headaches, nausea and severe cramps. If you add religious or cultural beliefs to this, then other people will start picking up the same strange symptoms, and they will spread like a disease.

It is interesting to note that only a few of the 3,000 factory workers encountered the ghost, and the woman who ignited the conflict saw nothing at all. She fell ill and thought it was the work of an evil spirit. Circumstances were so perfect that it caused panic.

ghost hunters

9. Ions

Ghostbusters use ion counter, which reads the ions. An ion is an atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons. If an electron is added to an atom, it becomes a negative ion, and if it loses an electron, it becomes positive.

Ghostbusters believe that the ions indicate a paranormal entity. They claim that the presence of the spirit interferes with the amount of ions in the atmosphere, and ghosts draw on the energy of the ions if they want to appear and scare people.

However, the presence of ions is caused by many natural phenomena, including weather, solar radiation and radon gas.

Interestingly, both positive and negative ions affect our mood. Negative ions are calming, while positive ions can cause headaches and malaise. This may explain why people living in haunted houses often describe feelings of fatigue and tension, as well as headaches.

Ghosts and ghosts

10. Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics studies small types of matter, which has led to amazing discoveries in science. With it, physicists even try to explain spirits and ghosts.

For example, Dr. Stuart Hameroff and physicist Roger Penrose believe that human consciousness is in microturbo inside brain cells, and they are responsible for quantum information processing.

Scientists believe that at clinical death, all this quantum information leaves the brain but continues to exist. It is for this reason that some people experience out-of-body experiences and see light at the end of the tunnel.

Many scientists do not agree with this theory, but there are those who support them. So Dr. Henry Stapp (Henry Stapp) believes that a person's personality can survive death and exist as " psychic essence". If such entities can return to the physical world, then perhaps it will be possible to explain the paranormal phenomena.

Who are ghosts? If we talk about ghosts, then many have in mind the souls of previously deceased people who come to our world in a visible form. Some people believe that ghosts exist, while others, on the contrary, categorically do not want to believe in the existence of such a phenomenon. People who, according to their own statements, have seen ghosts, say that they are pale images that have indistinct outlines. And it is still not known until the end whether ghosts really exist.

Everyone has the right to believe only what he hears or sees. Many can see ghosts after learning how to develop psychic abilities.

Many legends that have come to us since time immemorial tell about ghosts, whose appearance is directly related to the performance of a specific task or a specific assignment.

Some ghosts come with the aim to accomplish some kind of retribution, or to reveal the criminal who is guilty of the murder.

Other ghosts may return to correct any mistakes or injustices that have been made in relation to the living.

Also, ghosts may appear to correct their own guilt for some misdeeds committed by them during their lifetime.

There are several varieties of ghosts, namely:

Settled ghosts - these include ghosts that appear in front of different people, but it will always be the same ghost that lives in this place. In such cases, it may seem that they are absolutely not interested in people. They, in turn, are attracted only by the place to which they come. It should be said that these are not only the ghosts of people, but also animals. Ghost messengers - this includes ghosts that visit a person for a specific purpose. Such ghosts are called the souls of dead people who come back into the world in order to bring some kind of message or warning, as a rule, they come to the family of the deceased or to his friends. In this case, ghosts rarely talk, mostly they point to some object or thing, or convey their messages using various gestures.

Souls of the living. Strange as it may seem, many accounts of ghosts are directly linked to the appearance of the souls of living people. At some point, eyewitnesses may observe in front of them the ghost of a friend or relative who is in trouble or is on the verge of life and death. And this person himself may well be at this moment very far away. Casts of this type, as a rule, come only once.

Returnees are a type of ghost that return to this world for various reasons. Such ghosts use living people to achieve their goals.

Poltergeist. The appearance of this particular type of ghosts is very often blamed for various very unpleasant acts of supernatural forces, for example, plates or cups floating through the air, and so on. Many believe that the ghosts themselves cause the poltergeist, but they behave completely differently than ordinary ghosts. Objects moving through the poltergeist begin to acquire very strange qualities. In turn, they can heat up to such a level that it is simply impossible to touch them. They also have the ability to penetrate through closed windows or doors. And the strangest thing is their property to appear suddenly out of thin air.

The first evidence of the activity of ghosts that has survived to this day is the Epic of Gilgamash - ancient Babylonian legends that were recorded around 2000 BC. These legends are written on clay tablets. They deal with a fairy-tale hero named Gilgamesh, as well as the ghost of his deceased friend, who came to him in the form of a human figure. The ancient Egyptians also believed in the existence of ghosts. Their ghosts appeared with the head of a bird, and bore the name khu, and those, in turn, represented the souls of dead people. It was generally accepted that these are evil spirits that spread various diseases and are able to inhabit various animals, at the same time instilling rabies in them.

Despite the fact that residents ancient China treated the dead with great respect and even organized holidays in their honor, they were very afraid of the spirits of the dead, which were considered directly dangerous and very malicious. Such a ghost, according to Chinese beliefs, came in the same attire that was on him during his lifetime. His appearance was very impressive. At first, a kind of shapeless cloud was shown, from which the legs and head of the ghost then grew. And only then did the body itself appear, which surrounded a shimmering green cloud.

The British capital has long been and not unreasonably considered the world center, where various kinds of spirits and ghosts are concentrated.

For more than seventy years, Londoners have been retelling the story of how, on a July evening in 1930, about 8,000 people came to one of the most luxurious concert halls, the Royal Albert Hall, to attend a gala event that was held in honor of the famous Arthur Conan Doyle, who was a writer and the author of the well-known detective named Sherlock Holmes. Are there ghosts Dressed in a tailcoat, the hero of the occasion entered the premises shortly before the start of the concert and sat down in a place of honor with his wife Jean, and remained there until the end of this event

But the most unusual thing in this story is that the writer died 6 days before the start of the mentioned concert, which was dedicated to his memory. The writer's widow worried in advance and ordered an entrance ticket along with a place of honor for the deceased. This woman was famous for being considered a talented medium and could get in touch with the souls of the dead and organized visits to the world of living people for them. It turns out that she knew about coming to concert hall the phantom of the late Sir Arthur. All the spectators present at the concert, who knew Conan Doyle by sight, perceived his arrival at the Albert Hall very calmly and coolly, which is typical for the British and since it took place in London, where a meeting with a ghost is not considered something rare and supernatural.

In some cases, ghosts can assist scientists in comparing facts, thanks to which they restore true pictures from the past, and the truth of the prompted details from ghosts is subsequently proved by researchers or by documents found. Most famous example This is considered the death of the second wife of the British monarch Henry VIII, the famous Anne Boleyn, who was executed in 1536, as she was accused of cheating on her husband. Previously, historians believed that the process of Anna's execution was common for that time, namely, the victim laid her head on the chopping block, and the executioner cut her neck with an ax. However, later it turned out that everything was different with Anna.

The thing is that in 1972 there was an excursion in the Tower Castle, including a young girl with her parents. And at the moment of examining the place where the executions took place - the Green Tower - the girl saw everything that took place on this very place more than four centuries ago. This is what she saw: Queen Anne was on her knees, leaning forward slightly. Her executioner with a sword (and not an axe) approached her completely silently from behind, since he was not wearing shoes. It is quite possible that he first took off his boots, so that Anna could not hear how he would approach, and so that mortal fear would not take possession of her ahead of time. Anne Boleyn did not even have time to make a move, as the executioner cut off her head with one stroke. And a second later he lifted the severed head by the hair and showed it to the audience. And the crowd saw a dead face, disfigured by a grimace of horror. All those present took the story of the girl with a grain of salt, since other tourists did not see the execution scene. However, two months later, several historians confirmed that, indeed, the execution of Queen Anne took place exactly as the girl had imagined. In addition, scientists have established that the sentence was carried out by the executioner, known for his very delicate treatment of his victims, who was specially invited from France for this purpose.

Are there ghosts? It is also necessary to mention that terrible and inexplicable events within the walls of the Tower are still taking place today. Once it happened that one guard made an ordinary round of the territory. And at the moment when he passed near the chapel of St. Peter, a keen desire arose in him to look out the window.

The man put a ladder against the wall, got up and looked inside. He nearly fainted from what he saw there. In the middle of the chapel, several historical figures, which were familiar to the guard from the portraits that hung in the castle. Leading the way was a young black-haired woman who looked a lot like Anne Boleyn. She was followed by Thomas More - who was a statesman and, being accused of treason, was executed in 1535. Next came the Duchess of Salisbury, as well as Jane Gray, arm in arm with her husband, Lord Dudley. At the end of the procession followed the participants of the riot of 1745. All these people were beheaded in the Green Tower, and they made a terrible impression with their appearance: they all had red bloody stripes on their necks, and their faces were deathly pale, bluish in color and eyes burning like coals.

Quite logically, the question arises why, in London, ghosts are most often shown to people. One version claims that this is directly because in the British capital a large number of children are born at midnight.

It is widely believed in mediumship circles that such people are able to see and feel ghosts, and even communicate directly with them. However, this hypothesis cannot explain why the ghosts of London also appear in front of visiting tourists from all over the world.

Probably, every inhabitant of foggy Albion in the depths of his soul is already ready to meet with a ghost, although he is unlikely to ever admit it.

A programmer from Coventry University named Vic Tandy also considered all these ghost stories to be complete nonsense that does not deserve attention. But one evening, while he was working, he broke out into an icy sweat. He quite distinctly felt that someone was staring at him, and there was something ominous in that look. Then something materialized into an incomprehensible and shapeless mass, which had an ash-gray color, ran across the room and came very close to the scientist. In the blurred contours, one could still see hands and feet, and there was fog in place of the head, but in the center there was a dark spot resembling a mouth. And after a few seconds, the vision vanished into thin air without a trace.

However, despite the terrible horror experienced, he began to act like a real scientist, that is, to try to find the cause of an incomprehensible phenomenon. The easiest way was to attribute such a vision to hallucinations. However, where could they come from, because the programmer did not drink alcohol or drugs. Well, speaking of otherworldly forces, the scientist simply did not believe in them. So he decided that we should look for simple physical factors.

And I must say that Tendy found them, although it happened quite by accident. To some extent, he was helped by his hobby - fencing. Some time after the encounter with the ghost, the scientist took his sword home to prepare it for the upcoming competition in which he intended to take part. And suddenly the blade, which was clamped in a vise, began to vibrate more and more strongly, as if someone was touching it.

Someone else might have thought that way. However, this fact prompted the scientist to think about resonant vibrations, which are to some extent similar to vibrations caused by sound waves. For example, during loud music playing, the dishes in the cupboard may begin to rattle. However, oddly enough, there was silence in the laboratory. And the scientist immediately measured the sound background with the help of special equipment. And here it turned out that there was an incredible noise in the room, but it was not audible because the waves had a rather low frequency, which the human ear could not hear. And it was ordinary infrasound. After a short search for the source of the sound, he found it, as it turned out, it was a recently installed air conditioning fan. After the scientist turned it off, the "spirit" disappeared, and the sword stopped vibrating.

It is also worth saying that infrasound is a thing that carries a considerable number of surprises. For many decades, sailors have been haunted by the mystery of the "Flying Dutchmen" - ships wandering the seas without a team. But at the same time, the ships were in perfect order, but where did the sailors go? The last "Flying Dutchman" was an excellent schooner called "Maria Celeste", which was once noticed in the ocean by another ship. Are there ghosts Approaching the schooner, and then landing on board, the sailors of the other ship could not understand anything: there was still hot food in the ship's galley, the ink used by the captain had not yet dried in the magazine, and no one was there. All have disappeared. For many years, this story haunted people, until it was finally unraveled. As it turned out, the culprit was infrasound, which has a frequency of 7 hertz, which, under certain conditions, is directly created by ocean waves. And in humans, this sound is capable of a feeling of unimaginable horror. Often people can go crazy and are thrown overboard to save themselves.

The scientist decided to find out if there was a connection between infrasound and his nightmare. Measurement of the frequency of infrasound in the laboratory gave 18.98 hertz, which practically corresponds to the frequency when the human eyeball begins to resonate. Based on this, we conclude that the sound waves caused Tendy's eyeballs to vibrate, and thus caused a visual illusion, that is, he saw a figure that did not really exist.

Further research proved that under normal conditions, waves with such a low frequency can form very often. For example, infrasound can be produced by strong gusts of wind that collide with towers or chimneys. Most often, such sound waves can rumble in long corridors that have direct tunnel shapes. For this reason, there is nothing accidental in the fact that very often people meet ghosts in precisely the kind of corridors that exist in old castles.

Vic Tendy published the results of his research in one of the scientific journals owned by the Company physical research. And this society was founded back in 1822 and brings together British experts in parapsychology and natural sciences. The task of this society is to find a reasonable explanation for paranormal phenomena. So, do not be surprised by the fact that the experts in "ghost hunting" with great enthusiasm supported the ideas of Tendy. So one of the most famous parapsychologists named Tony Cornell believes that thanks to these ideas it will be possible to explain a considerable number of mysterious phenomena. If we talk about other scientists, they question this theory. Physicists who directly study the effect of infrasonic waves on the human body say that people who are directly involved in the experiments complain of considerable fatigue, great pressure in the ears or eyes, but with regards to hallucinations, especially in the form of ghosts, none of them were observed. . There is also absolutely no optical illusion for drivers, and it is well known that at the moment when the car overcomes air resistance at high speed, the level of infrasound inside the cabin is very high.

As we said, there are a lot of theories about ghosts. For example, let's take the theory of Vladimir Vitvitsky, head of the information technology department of the Moscow Polytechnic Museum. This scientist has been studying optical illusions and illusions for a long time, he believes that most of the strange visions can be explained by simple laws of physics. He believes that in this case, everything is in the properties of light. In his personal opinion, the human eye perceives as such not the objects themselves, but only the light reflected from them. After that, with the help of the retina, light and at the same time dark spots with the presence of halftones are translated into a digital code, to put it simply, into electrical impulses, which then enter the human brain. After that, the brain decodes them and, based on the results of the data obtained, forms an image of objects in the human mind. This is quite a standard, usual scheme for the formation of what people consider to be a picture of the real world. However, it should be noted that it can be violated, which is done in the following way: the light must be reflected not according to the principles to which the human eye and brain are accustomed. Consequently, according to this principle, many tricks are built, which are shown by illusionists in the circus. The easiest way to do this is with a mirror system that redirects the light that is reflected off the real thing to some other point where it is thus produced and appears in front of the viewer.

Similar tricks are able to create and Mother Nature. We all know what a mirage is - and so they are just the most famous phenomenon from this category. Often, travelers can see a lake in the middle of the desert, or even a whole city, they head towards it, but as a result it turns out that this is just an optical illusion. According to the explanations of physicists, in reality the lake or city exists, but they are somewhere far beyond the horizon, at a distance of perhaps even a thousand miles. And of course, from such a distance to see the city is unrealistic.

However, air at different altitudes has different densities, this directly depends on the distribution of humidity and temperature. Scientists have found that light will be reflected from a denser layer as from a mirror surface. There can be a lot of mirrors of this type at a particular moment, so they just take the images of the lake very far from its actual location, and then simply fix it in some other place.

However, only with the help of physical properties, alas, not everything is possible. Yuri Sivolap, who is a professor at the Moscow Medical Academy, said that in some cases illusions can arise in the human mind. But at the same time, from a psychiatric point of view, a supernatural phenomenon can occur due to 2 components: a lack of information, as well as a game of imagination in a person. Despite all this, very important role can play the readiness of people to perceive objects. People just expect a miracle, and those who wait will almost always see what they want, Yuri Sivolap is sure. Such phenomena can quite often occur in people with a creative mindset, or in those who are overly interested in the study of the paranormal.

It also happens that people do not want to see something, just out of fear. And in this state, they, for example, will pass through the cemetery at night, suddenly, instead of the cross, they can see some mystical figure, which, in addition to everything else, will begin to approach them. However, normal people will not be able to see the details of the cast. According to the professor, this requires either more self-hypnosis or illness. Among other things, the main difference between a hallucination and an illusion is that an illusion cannot arise from nothing, it appears as a result of a distorted vision of other objects. But a hallucination is, in turn, the fruit of a morbid consciousness.

However, to see something that does not really exist, a person is forced not only by special impressionability. According to Yuri Sivolap, people have experienced such states when dreams, in the literal sense, penetrate into his seemingly awake consciousness. For example, during very long journeys over long distances, a tired human brain may well enter a state that is between dream and reality. With this method, people can see some objects when their eyes are open, after which the data is transmitted to the brain, where the sleep mechanism starts in parallel, and the image from there can be superimposed on reality.

It would seem that, on the one hand, the clue to the appearance of ghosts has been found, but on the other hand, there are a considerable number of questions that remain unanswered. Well, as for ghosts, they still continue to meet, and not only on the shores of foggy Albion. It is very difficult to assert categorically that this is an optical illusion or indeed guests from another world. To believe in the existence of ghosts or to deny their existence is a personal matter for everyone.

No child questions the existence of ghosts. But with age, people stop believing in otherworldly phenomena. The denial of the existence of another world continues until a person encounters something unusual and unknown. And it makes him wonder if ghosts exist or not.

The nature of the phenomenon

There is no effect without a cause. If a person has encountered a ghost, there must also be some logical explanation for this. And it will depend on the general views on the world.

• Skeptics. People who deny the existence of otherworldly phenomena consider ghosts to be an ordinary hallucination. Vision does not have to be caused by illness. Hallucinations occasionally occur healthy person. If a ghost was seen in a photograph, skeptics claim that this is nothing more than a film defect. With the advent of graphic editors, it has become even easier to depict a luminous silhouette in a picture. The suspicious creatures in the photo are just a fake. The skeptic also believes that a lack of education makes people see the unusual in quite understandable phenomena.
• Scientists. Not always the words "skeptic" and "scientist" can be considered synonymous. Some highly educated people are serious about ghosts and ghosts, studying the nature of this phenomenon. However, scientists have not yet been able to establish the exact cause of visions. According to one version, people see creatures from another dimension. Probably, these creatures also see us and consider us ghosts. According to some scientists, aliens from distant planets can be ghosts.
• Mystics. These include psychics, magicians, parapsychologists, believers or simply superstitious, prone to mysticism. These people do not question whether ghosts exist or not. Visions, from the point of view of mystics, are explained simply: we observe the souls of the dead, beings from the higher (angels) and lower (demons) worlds. At the same time, each representative of this category will answer the question of how to relate to incorporeal creatures in his own way. The opinion will depend on religion or belonging to any mystical movement.

Of course, visions cannot be explained only by morbid imagination, excessive religiosity, or lack of education. official science recognizes that psychic energy is indestructible. Knowing this, we can assume that after the death of a person there remains a certain energy structure, which religious people call the soul.

Encounters with the Unknown

Researchers of the other world not only are not afraid of ghosts, but also deliberately seek to meet them. To do this, they go to anomalous zones. It may be an old building, such as a castle. Built centuries ago, stone fortresses often keep terrible secrets. The walls of the castles remember the inhuman tortures and executions to which the feudal lords subjected prisoners, servants, or even their own relatives.

The Swedish castle of Haringe, built in the 11th century, is haunted by the ghost of a little boy. Axel Horn (that was the name of the child) froze under the walls of the building. According to legend, his aunt left the boy to freeze on the street. Today, the castle houses a hotel. One of Haringe's guests assures that, having woken up at night, she noticed a figure of a boy near her bed, whom she mistook for her nephew. The woman invited him to lie down next to him and was very surprised to feel an unnaturally cold body near her. In the morning it turned out that the nephew slept all night in his bed and did not approach the bed of his aunt.

In March 2011, an earthquake hit Japan, which was accompanied by a tsunami. Thousands of people became victims. At the same time, unusual incidents began to occur with taxi drivers working in the earthquake area. Drivers have encountered customers asking for a ride to dangerous areas, despite warnings from taxi drivers not to go there. On the way, strange passengers suddenly disappeared right from the car.

In his book Far Journeys, parapsychologist Robert Monroe suggested that our visible world surrounded by several layers of more subtle worlds. In the layers closest to us live people who have not managed to accept their death. They try to return to their former lives, often feeding on the energy of the living. It is these dead who have not found peace from time to time come to our world in the form of luminous silhouettes, translucent figures, etc.

Whether there are ghosts or not modern science unable to answer. Not every "sensational" photo of a ghost should be considered as evidence of the existence of the other world. However, it is also not worth completely rejecting the existence of other dimensions with its inhabitants. Perhaps scientists will be able to give answers to all questions in 200 - 300 years.